ÿWPC_ ð¬áFÉ´„!ºÔÎz,G\É´ˆ@~ûnQpý ŽÌYóëpr›Ðãý…¾lÐÙ›–쎈ž_ÎÓwYFeÕœ<¦­áå µàA–kAL°\ë7®þ„؉l€‡ÈÅí±HZ¸x<Ü%¼Œè&‘uƒ—äXÂ[z€œjdÚóòèê[Â9TˆCnþï­.£6G ŽíkÔ¢ffùÈŸÖ2Ï¡³Uõ=çù ¥Ö„ù%!€MÙϱ„¤°+fßöp6yËAh3:š—ÑKK4硼½iߪö# Mì\òfI~=$ÆžîBD·7Ù…2h'¼›Ëáyê¨ãÖ '>Ÿ½|’¨üäŒ[ÍiL•gmß[g;‘èZÄÓ)ìU :… Àì.Ûº#þ†sÁ°lÊÒÅ;èìÎ5'4cãÔ«M¥„ØP “RBj}XªùcŸã7@ÝŒŽä™ò…„IZ¼MòŠ·íŠôŸ¯o …dPg“ÝÃRn89‹ ÁáEަ·æÉ²Ëx‹ªœtiš¸5¬~¨ƒ4¤l"ûó¶)Ê¢?£¶›Æ}´v?󠜶]fk8í²g]cLowŸ!% Ðof€evidenceó óòò,óó€and€the€rule€of€confidentiality€established€in€professional€ethics.€The€attorney-clientÐ Ô&$"& Ðprivilege€applies€in€judicial€and€other€proceedings€in€which€a€lawyer€may€be€called€as€a€witnessÏor€otherwise€required€to€produce€evidence€concerning€a€client.€The€rule€of€client-lawyerÏconfidentiality€applies€in€situations€other€than€those€where€evidence€is€sought€from€the€lawyerÏthrough€compulsion€of€law.€The€confidentiality€ruleòò,€for€example,óó€applies€not€ò òmerelyó ó€òòonlyóó€toÐ l*¼%* Ðmatters€communicated€in€confidence€by€the€client€but€also€to€all€information€relating€to€theÏrepresentation,€whatever€its€source.€A€lawyer€may€not€disclose€such€information€except€asÐ 8,ˆ', Ðauthorized€or€required€by€the€Rules€of€Professional€Conduct€or€other€law.€See€also€Scope.€€ò òÐ ° ÐÌó óà  àò ò[6]ó óà ` àò òThe€requirement€of€maintaining€confidentiality€of€information€relating€toÐ |Ì Ðrepresentation€applies€to€government€lawyers€who€may€disagree€with€the€policy€goals€that€theirÏrepresentation€is€designed€to€advance.Ìó óò òÌà  àòòó ó[4]à ` àParagraph€(a)€prohibits€a€lawyer€from€revealing€information€relating€to€theÐ  d Ðrepresentation€of€a€client.€This€prohibition€also€applies€to€disclosures€by€a€lawyer€that€do€not€inÏthemselves€reveal€protected€information€but€could€reasonably€lead€to€the€discovery€of€suchÏinformation€by€a€third€person.€A€lawyerððs€use€of€ñV ñœñV ñhypotheticalsñV ñ›ñV ñ€to€discuss€issues€relating€to€theÏrepresentation€is€permissible€so€long€as€there€is€no€reasonable€likelihood€that€the€listener€will€beÏable€to€ascertain€the€identity€of€the€client€or€the€situation€involved.ò òóóÐ ’â  ÐÌó óò òAuthorized€Disclosureó óò òÐ ^®  Ðó óÌà  àò ò[7]ó ó€òò[5]à ` àÔ#†XªJXXXªJš#ÔÔ‡XªJXXXªJÔóóò òAó ó€òòExcept€to€the€extent€that€the€client's€instructions€or€special€circumstances€limitÐ *z  Ðthat€authority,Ô#†XªJXXXªJo%#ÔÔ‡XªJXXXªJÔ€aóóÔ#†XªJXXXªJ5&#ÔÔ‡XªJXXXªJÔ€lawyer€is€impliedly€authorized€to€make€disclosures€about€a€client€whenÐ ` Ðappropriate€in€carrying€out€the€representationò ò,€except€to€the€extent€that€the€client's€instructions€orÐ öF Ðspecial€circumstances€limit€that€authorityó ó.Ô#†XªJXXXªJ|&#ÔÔ‡XªJXXXªJÔ€In€ò òlitigationó ó€òòsomeÔ#†XªJXXXªJÆ'#ÔÔ‡XªJXXXªJÔ€situationsóóÔ#†XªJXXXªJ$(#ÔÔ‡XªJXXXªJÔ,€for€example,€a€lawyerÐ Ü, Ðmay€ò òdisclose€information€by€admittingó óÔ#†XªJXXXªJt(#ÔÔ‡XªJXXXªJÔ€òòbe€impliedly€authorized€to€Ô#†XªJXXXªJ )#ÔÔ‡XªJXXXªJÔadmitóó€a€fact€that€cannotÐ Â Ðproperly€be€disputed€orò ò,€in€negotiation€by€makingó ó€òòto€makeóó€a€disclosure€that€facilitates€aÐ ¨ø Ðsatisfactory€conclusion€òòto€a€matteróó.Ô#†XªJXXXªJn)#ÔÔ‡XªJXXXªJÔ€ò ò[8]ó ó€€Lawyers€in€a€firm€may,€in€the€course€of€the€firm'sÐ ŽÞ Ðpractice,€disclose€to€each€other€information€relating€to€a€client€of€the€firm,€unless€the€client€hasÏinstructed€that€particular€information€be€confined€to€specified€lawyers.Ô#†XªJXXXªJ„*#ÔÔ‡XªJXXXªJÔÐ Zª ÐÌÔ#†XªJXXXªJÆ+#ÔÔ‡XªJXXXªJÔò òDisclosure€Adverse€to€Client€òòó óÐ &v Ðóóò òÔ#†XªJXXXªJ,#ÔÔ‡XªJXXXªJÔÌà  àò òó ó[9]ó ó€òò[6]à ` àóóò òTheó ó€òòAlthough€the€public€interest€is€usually€best€served€by€a€strict€rule€requiringÐ òB Ðlawyers€to€preserve€the€confidentiality€of€information€relating€to€the€representation€of€theirÏclients,€theóó€confidentiality€rule€is€subject€to€limited€exceptions.€ò òIn€becoming€privy€to€informationÐ ¾ Ðabout€a€client,€a€lawyer€may€foresee€that€the€client€intends€serious€harm€to€another€person.€ÏHowever,€to€the€extent€a€lawyer€is€required€or€permitted€to€disclose€a€client's€purposes,€the€clientÏwill€be€inhibited€from€revealing€facts€which€would€enable€the€lawyer€to€counsel€against€aÏwrongful€course€of€action.€The€public€is€better€protected€if€full€and€open€communication€by€theÏclient€is€encouraged€than€if€it€is€inhibited.ó ó€Ô#†XªJXXXªJ¡,#ÔÔ‡XªJXXXªJÔòòParagraph€(b)(1)€recognizes€the€overriding€value€of€lifeÐ <#Œ" Ðand€physical€integrity€and€permits€disclosure€reasonably€necessary€to€prevent€reasonably€certainÏdeath€or€substantial€bodily€harm.€òòò òSubstantial€bodily€harm€includes€life„threatening€orÐ %X $ Ðdebilitating€injuries€and€illnesses€and€the€consequences€of€child€sexual€abuse.ó óóó€Such€harm€isÐ î%>!% Ðreasonably€certain€to€occur€if€it€will€be€suffered€imminently€or€if€there€is€a€present€and€substantialÏthreat€that€a€person€will€suffer€such€harm€at€a€later€date€if€the€lawyer€fails€to€take€action€necessaryÏto€eliminate€the€threat.€Thus,€a€lawyer€who€knows€that€a€client€has€accidentally€discharged€toxicÏwaste€into€a€townððs€water€supply€may€reveal€this€information€to€the€authorities€if€there€is€aÏpresent€and€substantial€risk€that€a€person€who€drinks€the€water€will€contract€a€life„threatening€orÏdebilitating€disease€and€the€lawyerððs€disclosure€is€necessary€to€eliminate€the€threat€or€reduce€theÏnumber€of€victims.Ð 8,ˆ', Ðóóò òò òÌó ó€€ó óà  àò ò[10]ó óà ` àò òSeveral€situations€must€be€distinguished.ó óÐ –æ ÐÌà  àò ò[11]ó óà ` àò òFirst,€the€lawyer€may€not€counsel€or€assist€a€client€in€conduct€that€is€criminal€orÐ b² Ðfraudulent.€See€Rule€1.2(d).€Similarly,€a€lawyer€has€a€duty€under€Rule€3.3(a)(4)€not€to€use€falseÏevidence.€This€duty€is€essentially€a€special€instance€of€the€duty€prescribed€in€Rule€1.2(d)€to€avoidÏassisting€a€client€in€criminal€or€fraudulent€conduct.Ìó óÌà  àò ò[12]ó óà ` àò òSecond,€the€lawyer€may€have€been€innocently€involved€in€past€conduct€by€theÐ à 0 Ðclient€that€was€criminal€or€fraudulent.€In€such€a€situation€the€lawyer€has€not€violated€Rule€1.2(d),Ïbecause€to€"counsel€or€assist"€criminal€or€fraudulent€conduct€requires€knowing€that€the€conduct€isÏof€that€character.Ìó óÌà  àò ò[13]ó óà ` àò òThird,€the€lawyer€may€learn€that€a€client€intends€prospective€conduct€that€isÐ ^®  Ðcriminal€and€likely€to€result€in€imminent€death€or€substantial€bodily€harm.€As€stated€in€paragraphÏ(b)(1),€the€lawyer€has€professional€discretion€to€reveal€information€in€order€to€prevent€suchÏconsequences.€The€lawyer€may€make€a€disclosure€in€order€to€prevent€homicide€or€serious€bodilyÏinjury€which€the€lawyer€reasonably€believes€is€intended€by€a€client.€It€is€very€difficult€for€aÏlawyer€to€"know"€when€such€a€heinous€purpose€will€actually€be€carried€out,€for€the€client€mayÏhave€a€change€of€mind.ó óÐ Â ÐÔ#†XªJXXXªJ0#Ôò òÔ‡XªJXXXªJÔÌó óà  àò ò[14]ó óà ` àò òThe€lawyerððs€exercise€of€discretion€requires€consideration€of€such€factors€as€theÐ ŽÞ Ðnature€of€the€lawyerððs€relationship€with€the€client€and€with€those€who€might€be€injured€by€theÏclient,€the€lawyerððs€own€involvement€in€the€transaction€and€factors€that€may€extenuate€theÏconduct€in€question.€Where€practical,€the€lawyer€should€seek€to€persuade€the€client€to€takeÏsuitable€action.€In€any€case,€a€disclosure€adverse€to€the€clientððs€interest€should€be€no€greater€thanÏthe€lawyer€reasonably€believes€necessary€to€the€purpose.€A€lawyerððs€decision€not€to€takeÏpreventive€action€permitted€by€paragraph€(b)(1)€does€not€violate€this€Rule.Ìò òó óÌò òò òó óWithdrawalò òó óÐ ¾ Ðó óÌà  àò òó ó[15]ó óà ` àò òIf€the€lawyer's€services€will€be€used€by€the€client€in€materially€furthering€a€courseÐ Š Ú Ðof€criminal€or€fraudulent€conduct,€the€lawyer€must€withdraw,€as€stated€in€Rule€1.16(a)(1).ó óò òÐ p!À  ÐÌà  àó óò ò[16]ó óà ` àò òAfter€withdrawal€the€lawyer€is€required€to€refrain€from€making€disclosure€of€theÐ <#Œ" Ðclient's€confidences,€except€as€otherwise€provided€in€Rule€1.6.€Neither€this€rule€nor€Rule€1.8(b)Ïnor€Rule€1.16(d)€prevents€the€lawyer€from€giving€notice€of€the€fact€of€withdrawal,€and€the€lawyerÏmay€also€withdraw€or€disaffirm€any€opinion,€document,€affirmation,€or€the€like.Ìó óÌà  àò ò[17]ó ó€òò[7]óó€€òòParagraph€(b)(2)€is€a€limited€exception€to€the€rule€of€confidentiality€that€enablesÐ º' #' Ðthe€lawyer€to€reveal€information€to€the€extent€necessary€to€prevent€the€client€from€committing€aÏcrime€or€fraud€that€is€ò òlikelyó ó€òòreasonably€certainóó€to€result€in€substantial€injury€to€the€financial€orÐ †)Ö$) Ðproperty€interests€of€another€and€in€furtherance€of€which€the€client€has€used€or€is€using€theÏlawyerððs€services.€Such€a€serious€abuse€of€the€client„lawyer€relationship€by€the€client€forfeits€theÏprotection€of€this€Rule.€The€client€can,€of€course,€prevent€such€disclosure€by€refraining€from€theÐ 8,ˆ', Ðwrongful€conduct.€Although€paragraph€(b)(2)€does€not€require€the€lawyer€to€reveal€the€clientððsÏmisconduct,€the€lawyer€may€not€counsel€or€assist€the€client€in€conduct€the€lawyer€knows€isÏcriminal€or€fraudulent.€€See€Rule€1.2(d).€See€also€Rule€1.16€with€respect€to€the€lawyerððsÏobligation€or€right€to€withdraw€from€the€representation€of€the€client€in€such€circumstances.óóÐ b² ÐWhere€the€client€is€an€organization,€the€lawyer€may€be€in€doubt€whether€contemplated€conductÏwill€actually€be€carried€out€by€the€organization.€Where€necessary€to€guide€conduct€in€connectionÏwith€this€Rule,€the€lawyer€may€make€inquiry€within€the€organization€as€indicated€in€Rule€1.13(b).ÌÌò òà  àó óòò[8]à ` àParagraph€(b)(3)€addresses€the€situation€in€which€the€lawyer€does€not€learn€of€theÐ à 0 Ðclientððs€crime€or€fraud€until€after€it€has€been€consummated€òòò òand€substantial€loss€has€been€sufferedÐ Æ   Ðby€the€victimó óóó.€Although€the€client€no€longer€has€the€option€of€preventing€disclosure€by€refrainingÐ ¬ ü  Ðfrom€the€wrongful€conduct,€there€will€be€situations€in€which€the€loss€suffered€by€the€affectedÏperson€can€be€òòpreventedóó,€rectified€or€mitigated.€In€such€situations,€the€lawyer€may€discloseÐ xÈ  Ðinformation€relating€to€the€representation€to€the€extent€necessary€to€enable€the€affected€persons€toÏòòprevent€or€mitigate€reasonably€certain€loss€or€to€óóattempt€to€recoup€their€losses.Ð D”  Ðà  àÔ#†XªJXXXªJm:#ÔÔ‡XªJXXXªJÔÌà  à[9]à ` àA€lawyerððs€confidentiality€obligations€do€not€preclude€a€lawyer€from€securingÐ ` Ðconfidential€legal€advice€about€the€lawyerððs€personal€responsibility€to€comply€with€these€Rules.€ÏIn€most€situations,€disclosing€information€to€secure€such€advice€will€be€impliedly€authorized€forÏthe€lawyer€to€carry€out€the€representation.€Even€when€the€disclosure€is€not€impliedly€authorized,Ïparagraph€(b)(4)€permits€such€disclosure€because€of€the€importance€of€a€lawyerððs€complianceÏwith€the€Rules€of€Professional€Conduct.óóò òò òÐ ŽÞ Ðó óó óÌò òò òDispute€Concerning€a€Lawyerððs€Conductó óó óÐ Zª ÐÌà  àò ò[18]ó ó€òò[10]óó€€Where€a€legal€claim€or€disciplinary€charge€alleges€complicity€of€the€lawyer€in€aÐ &v Ðclient's€conduct€or€other€misconduct€of€the€lawyer€involving€representation€of€the€client,€theÏlawyer€may€respond€to€the€extent€the€lawyer€reasonably€believes€necessary€to€establish€a€defense.ÏThe€same€is€true€with€respect€to€a€claim€involving€the€conduct€or€representation€of€a€formerÏclient.€òòSuch€a€charge€can€arise€in€a€civil,€criminal,€òòò òor€professionaló óóó€disciplinary,€òòor€otheróóÐ ¾ Ðproceeding€and€can€be€based€on€a€wrong€allegedly€committed€by€the€lawyer€against€the€client€orÏon€a€wrong€alleged€by€a€third€person;€for€example,€a€person€claiming€to€have€been€defrauded€byÏthe€lawyer€and€client€acting€together.óó€The€lawyer's€right€to€respond€arises€when€an€assertion€ofÐ p!À  Ðsuch€complicity€has€been€made.€Paragraph€(b)ò ò(2)ó óòò(5)óó€does€not€require€the€lawyer€to€await€theÐ V"¦! Ðcommencement€of€an€action€or€proceeding€that€charges€such€complicity,€so€that€the€defense€mayÏbe€established€by€responding€directly€to€a€third€party€who€has€made€such€an€assertion.€The€rightÏto€defend€òòòòalso€appliesóóóó,€of€course,€òòò òappliesó óóó€where€a€proceeding€has€been€commenced.€ò òWhereÐ %X $ Ðpracticable€and€not€prejudicial€to€the€lawyer's€ability€to€establish€the€defense,€the€lawyer€shouldÏadvise€the€client€of€the€third€party's€assertion€and€request€that€the€client€respond€appropriately.€InÏany€event,€disclosure€should€be€no€greater€than€the€lawyer€reasonably€believes€is€necessary€toÏvindicate€innocence,€the€disclosure€should€be€made€in€a€manner€which€limits€access€to€theÏinformation€to€the€tribunal€or€other€persons€having€a€need€to€know€it,€and€appropriate€protectiveÏorders€or€other€arrangements€should€be€sought€by€the€lawyer€to€the€fullest€extent€practicable.ó óÐ l*¼%* ÐÌà  àò ò[19]ó ó€òò[11]óó€€ò òIf€the€lawyer€is€charged€with€wrongdoing€in€which€the€client's€conduct€isÐ 8,ˆ', Ðimplicated,€the€rule€of€confidentiality€should€not€prevent€the€lawyer€from€defending€against€theÏcharge.€Such€a€charge€can€arise€in€a€civil,€criminal€or€professional€disciplinary€proceeding,€andÏcan€be€based€on€a€wrong€allegedly€committed€by€the€lawyer€against€the€client,€or€on€a€wrongÏalleged€by€a€third€person;€for€example,€a€person€claiming€to€have€been€defrauded€by€the€lawyerÏand€client€acting€together.ó ó€A€lawyer€entitled€to€a€fee€is€permitted€by€paragraph€(b)ò ò(2)ó óòò(5Ô#†XªJXXXªJîH#ÔÔ‡XªJXXXªJÔ)óó€to€proveÐ H˜ Ðthe€services€rendered€in€an€action€to€collect€it.€This€aspect€of€the€Rule€expresses€the€principle€thatÏthe€beneficiary€of€a€fiduciary€relationship€may€not€exploit€it€to€the€detriment€of€the€fiduciary.€ò òAsÐ  d Ðstated€above,€the€lawyer€must€make€every€effort€practicable€to€avoid€unnecessary€disclosure€ofÏinformation€relating€to€a€representation,€to€limit€disclosure€to€those€having€the€need€to€know€it,Ïand€to€obtain€protective€orders€or€make€other€arrangements€minimizing€the€risk€of€disclosure.Ìó óò òÌó óà  àò ò[21]ó ó€òòòò[12]€ò ò[14]ó óóó€ò òThe€Rules€of€Professional€Conduct€in€various€circumstances€permit€orÐ ’â  Ðrequire€a€lawyer€to€disclose€information€relating€to€the€representation.€See€Rules€2.2,€2.3,€3.3,Ïand€4.1.€In€addition€to€these€provisions,€a€lawyer€may€be€obligated€or€permittedÔ#†XªJXXXªJ·U#ÔÔ‡XªJXXXªJÔ€by€otherÐ ^®  Ðprovisions€ofóóó ó€òòòòOtheróóóó€law€òòòòor€an€order€of€a€tribunal€may€require€a€lawyer€to€provideóóóó€òòò ògiveó óóóÐ D”  Ðinformation€about€a€client.€Whether€another€provision€of€law€òòòòor€the€order€of€a€tribunalóóóóÐ *z  Ðsupersedes€Rule€1.6€is€a€matter€of€interpretation€beyond€the€scope€of€these€Rules,€but€aÏpresumption€should€exist€against€such€a€supersession.€òòòòThe€lawyer€must€discuss€with€the€client€theÐ öF Ðpossibility€of€challenging€the€law€or€order.€See€Rule€1.4.€€óóóóÔ#†XªJXXXªJfY#ÔÔ‡XªJXXXªJÔ€òòòòIf€another€provision€of€law€or€theÐ Ü, Ðorder€of€a€tribunal€supersedes€these€Rules,€however,€paragraph€(b)(6)€permits€disclosure€to€theÏextent€reasonably€necessary€for€the€lawyer€to€comply€with€the€law€or€the€order.€€Disclosure€isÏonly€permitted€if€it€would€be€unreasonable€under€the€circumstances€for€the€lawyer€to€challengeÏthe€validity€or€applicability€of€the€law€or€the€lawfulness€of€the€order,€such€as€would€be€the€case€ifÏthere€were€no€non„frivolous€basis€for€the€challenge.óóóóÔ#†XªJXXXªJê[#ÔÔ‡XªJXXXªJÔò òÐ Zª ÐÌòòà  àó óòò[13]ò ò€[12]óó€ó óParagraph€(b)€permits€disclosure€only€to€the€extent€the€lawyer€reasonablyÐ &v Ðbelieves€the€disclosure€is€necessary€to€accomplish€one€of€the€purposes€specified.€WhereÏpracticable,€the€lawyer€should€first€seek€to€persuade€the€client€to€take€suitable€action€òòto€obviateÐ òB Ðthe€need€for€disclosureóó.€In€any€case,€a€disclosure€adverse€to€the€client's€interest€should€be€noÐ Ø( Ðgreater€than€the€lawyer€reasonably€believes€necessary€to€accomplish€the€purpose.€If€theÏdisclosure€will€be€made€in€connection€with€a€judicial€proceeding,€Ô#†XªJXXXªJ(^#ÔÔ‡XªJXXXªJÔthe€disclosure€should€be€madeÐ ¤ô Ðin€a€manner€that€limits€access€to€the€information€to€the€tribunal€or€other€persons€having€a€need€toÏknow€it€and€appropriate€protective€orders€or€other€arrangements€should€be€sought€by€the€lawyerÏto€the€fullest€extent€practicable.óóÐ V"¦! ÐÔ#†XªJXXXªJî`#ÔÔ‡XªJXXXªJÔò òÌà  àó óòòòò[14]€ò ò[13]óóó ó€Paragraph€(b)€permits€but€does€not€require€the€disclosure€of€informationÐ "$r# Ðrelating€to€a€clientððs€representation€to€accomplish€the€purposes€specified€in€paragraphs€(b)(1)€„Ïò òòò(5)óóó ó€òò(6)óó.€In€exercising€the€discretion€conferred€by€this€Rule,€the€lawyer€may€consider€such€factorsÐ î%>!% Ðas€the€nature€of€the€lawyer's€relationship€with€the€client€and€with€those€who€might€be€injured€byÏthe€client,€the€lawyer's€own€involvement€in€the€transaction,€and€factors€that€may€extenuate€theÏconduct€in€question.€A€lawyer's€decision€not€to€disclose€as€permitted€by€paragraph€(b)€does€notÏviolate€this€Rule.€òòIn€some€circumstances,€however,€other€rules€may€require€the€lawyer€to€revealÐ †)Ö$) Ðinformation€relating€to€the€clientððs€representation.€See€paragraph€(c)€and€Comment€[15].óóÐ l*¼%* ÐóóÓ  Óò òÌÓfÓDisclosure€Otherwise€Required€òòòòby€the€Rules€of€Professional€Conductóóóó€òòò òor€Authorizedó óó óÐ 8,ˆ', Їóóà  àò ò[20]ó óà ` àò òThe€attorney„client€privilege€is€differently€defined€in€various€jurisdictions.€If€aÐ ° Ðlawyer€is€called€as€a€witness€to€give€testimony€concerning€a€client,€absent€waiver€by€the€client,Ïparagraph€(a)€requires€the€lawyer€to€invoke€the€privilege€when€it€is€applicable.€The€lawyer€mustÏcomply€with€the€final€orders€of€a€court€or€other€tribunal€of€competent€jurisdiction€requiring€theÏlawyer€to€give€information€about€the€client.Ìòòó óÌà  àò ò[21]€òò[14]óó€The€Rules€of€Professional€Conduct€in€various€circumstances€permit€or€requireÐ  d Ða€lawyer€to€disclose€information€relating€to€the€representation.€See€Rules€2.2,€2.3,€3.3,€and€4.1.ÏIn€addition€to€these€provisions,€a€lawyer€may€be€obligated€or€permittedÔ#†XªJXXXªJ_b#ÔÔ‡XªJXXXªJÔ€by€other€provisions€ofÐ à 0 Ðlaw€give€information€about€a€client.€Whether€another€provision€of€law€supersedes€Rule€1.6€is€aÏmatter€of€interpretation€beyond€the€scope€of€these€Rules,€but€a€presumption€should€exist€againstÏsuch€a€supersession.ó óòòÐ ’â  ÐóóÔ#†XªJXXXªJØi#ÔÔ‡XªJXXXªJÔÌà  à[15]à ` àÔ#†XªJXXXªJ8k#ÔòòParagraph€(c)€recognizes€that€compliance€with€Rules€3.3,€3.4(c)€and€4.ñS ñ1ñS ññT ñ1ñT ñ€mayÐ ^®  Ðrequire€disclosure€of€information€relating€to€a€clientððs€representation€and€provides€that€theÏlawyerððs€compliance€with€such€duties€take€precedence€over€this€Rule.€€ò òA€lawyer€must€also€complyÐ *z  Ðwith€lawful€orders€ofóó€òòa€tribunalÔ‡XªJXXXªJÔ,€an€administrative€or€executive€agency,€or€a€legislative€bodyó óóó.€€If,Ð ` Ðòòfor€example,óóñU ñ€ñU ñ€a€lawyer€is€called€as€a€witness€to€give€testimony€concerning€a€client€or€is€otherwiseÐ öF Ðordered€to€reveal€information€relating€to€the€clientððs€representation,€the€lawyer€must,€absentÏinformed€consent€of€the€client€to€do€otherwise,€assert€on€behalf€of€the€client€all€non„frivolousÏclaims€that€the€information€sought€is€protected€against€disclosure€by€the€attorney„client€privilegeÏor€other€applicable€law.€In€the€event€of€an€adverse€ruling,€the€lawyeròò€must€ò òshouldó óóó€consult€with€theÐ ŽÞ Ðclient€about€the€possibility€of€appeal.€See€Rule€1.4.€Unless€an€appeal€is€taken,€òòhowever,óó€theÐ tÄ Ðlawyer€must€comply€with€the€order.€òò€See€Rule€3.4€(c).óóÔ#†XªJXXXªJm#ÔÔ‡XªJXXXªJÔÐ Zª ÐóóÌò òòòActing€Competently€to€Preserve€Confidentialityó óÐ &v ÐñR ñÑïWÑâ âÑe°Ñâ âÑ  ÑñR ñÌà  à[16]à ` àA€lawyer€must€act€competently€to€safeguard€information€relating€to€theÐ òB Ðrepresentation€of€a€client€against€inadvertent€or€unauthorized€disclosure€by€the€lawyer€or€by€otherÏpersons€who€are€participating€in€the€representation€of€the€client€or€who€are€subject€to€the€lawyerððsÏsupervision.€See€Rules€1.1,€5.1,€and€5.3.ÌÌà  à[17]à ` àWhen€transmitting€a€communication€that€includes€information€relating€to€theÐ p!À  Ðrepresentation€of€a€client,€the€lawyer€must€take€reasonable€precautions€to€prevent€the€informationÏfrom€coming€into€the€hands€of€unintended€recipients.€This€duty,€however,€does€not€require€thatÏthe€lawyer€use€special€security€measures€if€the€method€of€communication€affords€a€reasonableÏexpectation€of€privacy.€Special€circumstances,€however,€may€warrant€special€precautions.ÏFactors€to€be€considered€in€determining€the€reasonableness€of€the€lawyerððs€expectation€ofÏconfidentiality€include€the€sensitivity€of€the€information€and€the€extent€to€which€the€privacy€ofÏthe€communication€is€protected€by€law€or€by€a€confidentiality€agreement.€A€client€may€requireÏthe€lawyer€to€implement€special€security€measures€not€required€by€this€Rule€or€may€giveÏinformed€consent€to€the€use€of€a€means€of€communication€that€would€otherwise€be€prohibited€byÏthis€Rule.Ìóó€Ð R+¢&+ Ðò ò€Former€Clientsó óò òÐ 8,ˆ', ÐÑïWÑÑe°ÑÑ  ÑÓlÓÌÓwÓ‚ó óà  àò ò[22]ó ó€òò[18]óó€€The€duty€of€confidentiality€continues€after€the€client„lawyer€relationship€hasÐ –æ Ðterminated.ò ò€ó óòòSee€Rule€1.9(c)(2)€òòò òThus,€Rule€1.6(a)€prohibits€the€disclosure€of€information€relatingÐ |Ì Ðto€the€representation€of€a€former€client.ó óóó€òòSee€Rule€1.9(c)(1)€for€the€prohibition€against€using€suchÐ b² Ðinformation€to€the€disadvantage€of€the€former€client.óóóóò òÐ H˜ ÐÓA†XÐXdÐXdîAÓÒH°ÒÒH°Òó óÔ#†XªJXXXªJ—p#ÔÐ  . ~ Ðò òÓ  ÓReporterððs€Observationsó óÐ ° ÐÓ¹yÓÌò òParagraph€(a):€ó óÐ |Ì ÐÌà   àAs€approved€by€the€Commission€in€Dallas.€€The€duty€to€former€clients€will€once€again€beÏaddressed€in€Rule€1.9(c)(2).€€See€also€Comments€[1]€and€[18]ÌÌò òParagraph€(b)(2):€ó óÐ ú J ÐÌà   àAs€approved€by€the€Commission€in€Dallas.€€See€the€Reporterððs€Observation€for€paragraph€(b)€(3)Ïfor€a€recommendation€for€compressing€paragraphs€(b)(2)€and€(b)(3)€into€a€single€paragraph.€ÌÌò òParagraph€(b)(3):€ó óÐ xÈ  ÐÌà   àThe€addition€of€ð ðpreventðð€was€approved€by€the€Commission.€€The€Reporter€replaced€€ð ðresultingððÏwith€ð ðresulting€or€reasonably€certain€to€result€in,ðð€because€the€paragraph€is€now€addressing€injury€yet€toÏbe€suffered€as€well€as€injury€already€suffered.€€If€the€crime€has€not€yet€caused€injury,€the€lawyer€should€be€Ïreasonably€certain€that€it€will€do€so,€just€as€we€require€in€paragraph€(b)€that€the€lawyer€be€reasonablyÏcertain€both€that€a€crime€will€be€committed€and€that€it€will€cause€substantial€€harm.ÌÌà   àIf€the€Commission€concurs€with€this€analysis,€the€Reporter€would€raise€the€question€of€whetherÏparagraphs€(b)(2)€and€(b)(3)€should€be€compressed€into€a€single€paragraph€that€would€read:€€€ÌÌò òÔ‡XªJXXXªJÔà   àó óò ò(b)(2/3)€to€prevent,€mitigate,€or€rectify€substantial€injury€to€the€financial€interests€orÐ Zª Ðproperty€of€another€that€is€reasonably€certain€to€result€or€has€resulted€from€the€clientððs€commissionÏof€a€crime€or€fraud€in€furtherance€of€which€the€client€is€using€or€has€used€the€lawyerððs€servicesó ó;Ð &v ÐÌà   àThis€paragraph€would€permit€disclosure€to€prevent€a€crime€or€fraud€that€is€reasonably€certain€toÏresult€in€substantial€€harm,€as€does€paragraph€(b)(2).€€The€only€difference€is€that€paragraph€(b)(2)€speaks€inÏterms€of€preventing€a€crime€or€fraud€reasonably€certain€to€result€in€substantial€injury,€while€the€combinedÏparagraph€speaks€of€preventing€harm€reasonably€certain€to€result€from€the€clientððs€commission€of€a€crimeÏor€fraud.€€There€is€nothing€in€the€latter€formulation€that€precludes€its€interpretation€to€permit€disclosureÏprior€to€the€commission€of€the€crime€or€fraud€so€long€as€the€lawyer€is€reasonably€certain€both€that€theÏcrime€or€fraud€will€be€committed€and€that€substantial€injury€will€result€therefrom.€This€point€could€easilyÏbe€reinforced€in€the€Comments,€which€otherwise€would€not€need€to€be€revised.€€As€does€paragraph€(b)(3)Ïas€currently€revised,€the€combined€paragraph€would€also€permit€disclosure€to€prevent,€mitigate€or€rectifyÏsubstantial€harm€is€reasonably€certain€to€or€has€already€resulted€form€a€completed€crime€of€fraud.€ÏPhilosophically,€the€Reporter€prefers€an€approach€that€emphasizes€the€prevention€of€the€loss€rather€thanÏprevention€of€the€crime€because€the€former€does€not€suggest€that€the€lawyerððs€role€is€to€police€the€clientððsÏconduct,€but€more€simply€permits€the€lawyer€to€protect€innocent€victims€of€a€clientððs€abuse€of€theÏattorney„client€relationship.ÌÔ#†XªJXXXªJß~#ÔÌò òParagraph€(b)(6):ó ó€Ð l*¼%* ÐÌà   àIn€Dallas,€the€Commission€decided€that€disclosure€to€comply€with€law€and€a€court€order€should€beÐ 8,ˆ', Ðpermitted€but€not€required€unless€the€disclosure€was€otherwise€required€by€the€Rules€of€Professional.ÏConduct.€Ô‡XªJXXXªJÔTo€that€end,€paragraph€(b)(6)€has€been€added.€€Concerned€that€his€formulation€could€be€read€toÐ –æ Ðpreclude€a€lawyer€from€making€a€disclosure€to€an€administrative€tribunal€in€circumstances€in€which€theÏlawyer€could€present€no€non„frivolous€arguments€that€the€order€was€legally€invalid,€however,€I€haveÏoffered€a€bracketed€alternativeÔ#†XªJXXXªJ2‡#Ô€replaced€the€narrower€reference€to€a€ð ðcourtððorder€with€a€broader€referenceÐ H˜ Ðto€an€order€of€ð ða€tribunal.ðð€€€Although€this€broadens€the€exception,€I€donððt€think€we€can€appropriatelyÏsingle€out€court€orders€in€this€regard€and€thereby€effectively€require€a€lawyer€to€disobey€an€administrativeÏtribunalððs€order€when€it€would€be€unreasonable€under€the€circumstances€to€challenge€it.€€Nothing€in€thisÏparagraph,€of€course,€requires€disclosure,€and€disclosure€is€only€permitted€if€the€lawyer€reasonably€believeÏit€is€required.€€See€Comment€[12].ÌÌà   àThis€proposal€raises€the€more€general€question€of€whether€we€should€refer€to€ð ðtribunalðð€rather€thanÏa€ð ðcourtðð€throughout€the€rules.€In€Rule€4.2,€for€example,€we€now€refer€to€court€order.€In€Rule€3.4(c),Ïhowever,€€we€refer€to€the€rules€of€a€ð ðtribunal.ðð€€The€Reporter€recommends€that€further€attention€be€givenÏto€this€issue€once€the€Commission€has€decided€whether€the€exception€paragraph€(b)(6)€should€be€limitedÏto€compliance€with€ð ðcourtðð€orders€or€be€broadened€to€embrace€orders€of€a€ñM ñð ðñM ñtribunal.ñN ñððñN ññP ñÌñP ññO ñ€€Ô_ÔlvedagreedsiisonÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔatentionÔ_Ô€once€we€have€resolved€IfÏsome€rules€will€only€apply€to€courts,€we€need€to€Ô_ÔexplainpreserrvefeektssÔ_Ô€us€the€Ô_ÔtheÔ_Ô€extent€to€which€we€need€toÏbeen€have€differentiate€between€tribunals€and€courts€in€other€Rules.€€e.g.,€the€new€reference€to€a€court€Ô_ÔoderRuleÔ_ÔÏ4.2.€€Should€we€Ô_ÔlIfÔ_Ô€the€Commission€concludes€that€it€is€inappropriate€in€this€context€to€differentiate€betweenÏcourts€and€tribunals,€it€may€be€appropriate€for€the€Reporters€to€review€Ô_ÔrotersweÔ_Ô€should€Ô_ÔprobabyÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔrpiteÔ_Ô€In€thisÏregard,€it€may€be€appropriate€for€the€Ô_ÔCommissiosconsideratioraiteÔ_ÔÌñO ñÌò òParagraph€(c):€€ó óÐ öF ÐÌà   àThe€Commission€voted€to€retain€paragraph€(c)€as€a€cross„reference€to€the€rules€of€professionalÏconduct€which€trump€Rule€1.6€and€require€disclosure.€€The€cross„references€to€Rules€3.3€and€4.1€areÏobvious.€€I€have€added€the€cross„reference€to€Rule€3.4(c)€because€without€it€there€would€be€no€basis€in€theÏrule€text€for€the€generally€accepted€proposition€that€a€lawyer€must€comply€with€a€court€order€requiringÏdisclosure.€€Indeed€the€permissive€disclosure€in€paragraph€(b)(b),€standing€alone,€would€support€anÏargument€to€the€contrary.€€Rule€3.4(c)€precludes€a€lawyer€from€knowingly€disobeying€an€obligation€underÏthe€rules€of€a€tribunal€except€for€an€open€refusal€based€on€an€assertion€that€no€valid€obligation€exists.€AsÏone€of€those€obligations€would€be€to€obey€the€tribunalððs€orders,€it€follows€that€a€lawyer€would€be€requiredÏto€comply€with€an€order€requiring€disclosure€of€information€relating€to€the€representation€of€the€lawyerððsÏclient,€unless€the€lawyer€could€make€a€non„frivolous€argument€that€the€order€is€invalid.€Indeed,€this€is€theÏpoint€currently€made€in€Comment€[15].€€The€Commission€should€note€in€this€regard€that€Rule€3.4(c)€isÏincorporated€into€Rule€3.9€and€thus€is€applicable€to€lawyers€representing€clients€in€non„adjudicativeÏproceedings€conducted€by€administrative€agencies€or€legislative€bodies.€€€I€donððt€think€that€this€is€aÏproblem€because€Rule€3.4€permits€the€lawyer€to€refuse€to€disclose€on€the€ground€that€no€valid€obligationÏexists.€Comment€[15]€would€be€equally€applicable€in€such€a€situation,€the€only€difference€being€thatÏlawyerððs€refusal€or€appeal€will€lead€to€the€institution€of€a€judicial€proceeding€in€which,€at€some€point,Ïthere€may€be€a€order€with€which€the€lawyer€will€be€required€to€comply.€€The€bottom€line,€however,€is€thatÏI€think€there€must€be€a€basis€in€the€rule€text€for€requiring€a€lawyer€to€reveal€information€relating€to€theÏrepresentation€of€a€client€when€ordered€to€do€so€by€a€final€order€of€a€tribunal.€ÌÌà   àò òAlternative:€€ó óThe€Reporters€are€concerned€about€having€a€separate€paragraph€requiring€disclosureÐ º' #' Ðto€comply€with€the€Rules€of€Professional€Conduct€while€not€requiring€compliance€with€other€law€that€mayÏwell€ñZ ññW ñœñW ññZ ñsuperñX ñsñX ññY ñcñY ñede€Rule€1.6.€It€at€least€appears€unseemly€to€say€lawyer€must€abide€by€the€some€law€but€canÏrefuse€to€abide€by€other€law.€€€As€an€alternative,€therefore,€we€would€recommend€deletion€of€paragraphÏ(c).€€Disclosure€would€be€permitted€by€paragraph€(b)(6).€Nothing€would€be€said€in€the€text€of€Rule€1.6Ïabout€law€or€rules€that€might€require€the€lawyer€to€disclose€information€that€they€are€permitted€to€revealÐ 8,ˆ', Ðby€paragraph€(b)(6).€€Comment€[15],€however,€would€be€retained€to€alert€lawyers€to€the€fact€that€in€someÏcases€they€will€be€required€to€make€the€disclosure€permitted€by€paragraph€(b)(6).€€ÌÌò òComment€[1]:€ó óÐ b² ÐÌà   àThe€cross€references€have€been€modified€in€light€of€the€addition€of€Rule€1.18€and€theÏCommissionððs€decision€in€Dallas€to€return€the€confidentiality€obligation€to€former€clients€to€Rule€1.9(c).€€€Ìò òÌComment€[6[:ÌÌà   àó óAs€approved€in€Dallas.ò òÐ ¬ ü  ÐÌComment€[7]:€ÌÌà   àó óModified€to€reflect€change€in€paragraph€(b)(2).€ò òÐ D”  ÐÌComment€[8]:ÌÌà   àó óModified€to€reflect€change€in€paragraph€(b)(3).Ð Ü, Ѐò òÐ Â ÐComment€[10]:ÌÌà   àó óThe€addition€of€the€reference€to€ð ðan€otherðð€proceeding€was€approved€in€Dallas.€€The€last€sentencedÐ tÄ Ðhas€been€edited€as€suggested€by€a€commentator.€ò òÐ Zª ÐÌComment€[12]:ÌÌà   àó óThis€was€Comment€[14]€in€the€public€discussion€draft,€but€has€been€moved€here€because€it€nowÐ òB Ðrelates€to€permissive€rather€than€mandatory€disclosure.€€The€Comment€has€been€modified€to€reflect€theÏaddition€of€paragraph€(b)(6).€€€€€It€establishes€the€framework€for€a€discussion€between€the€lawyer€and€theÏclient€about€the€possibility€of€a€challenge€to€the€law€or€order€requiring€disclosure€followed€by€a€decisionÏby€the€lawyer€that€disclosure€is€ð ðreasonably€necessaryðð€because€it€would€be€unreasonable€under€theÏcircumstances€to€mount€a€challenge€to€the€law€or€order€in€question.€€An€obvious€example€is€provided.€ò òÐ p!À  ÐÌComments€[13]€and€[14]:ÌÌà   àó óRenumbered€and€a€slight€editorial€modification€to€Comment€[13]€as€suggested€by€a€commentator.€IÐ %X $ Ðhave€added€a€sentence€to€Comment€[14]€alert€lawyers€that€in€certain€circumstances€the€lawyer€will€beÏrequired€to€make€a€disclosure€permitted€by€paragraph€(b).€€€ò òÐ Ô&$"& ÐÌDelete€Public€Discussion€Draft€Comment€[14]:ó óÐ  (ð#( ÐÌà   àThe€comment€has€been€relocated€and€renumbered€as€Comment€[12]€because€it€now€relates€toÏpermitted€rather€than€required€disclosure.€ÌÐ 8,ˆ', Ðò òComment€[15]:ó óÐ ° ÐÌà   àComment€[15]€has€been€modified€to€reflect€the€changes€in€paragraph€(c).€If€the€Commission€approvesÏthe€deletion€of€paragraph€(c),€this€Comment€would€be€retained€to€alert€lawyers€that€in€some€situations€they€will€beÏrequired€to€reveal€that€which€they€are€permitted€to€reveal€by€paragraph€(b)(6).€ÌÌò òComment€[18]:ó óÐ V¦ ÐÌà   àThe€comment€has€been€revised€to€reflect€Commissionððs€decision€in€Dallas€to€once€again€place€theÏconfidentiality€obligation€to€former€clients€to€Rule€1.9(c).€€€