ÿWPCk 6–°*l,ˆP0l5Ÿ²n²”WJ£†!&Œ@kŠÿ¥bl–/C–v€ëeœ1°hòŸþ·?ãÃsE߬S½0÷†Ö¤“EÓ8©yÆÖ^”ÞÀ=ñB\*á/ ˜‰41›€Cùޝ¸ÈÖ?šCbskRÄ8²mòŽè&.´?ƺ\(ÏEóQhÞ¤ü<íH([oç_‹))žL¦sퟛyp;Ú)L0¸éjõ7ùƒ–&{°ŽFáHßÏœ¿ƒe$)ü}¿ ð!Ûõ—!üD oõ}#÷ S3tñå=ù'ÒÖþ;¬'k”EKöí¹0±7¥Ó©Ñ›Í¾•Bψªý+ˆ«™óCOîи™ýz)óít YÃßÁý8†Ó’7SmÜ”ÙÞC¤µ/ëÁLù± å°,@®)z«Í,OÐ6ï™dúž™{Çè4„‹M#°ŠØ©¦–_'^ÍË3‹µ¹ å³Àï¡&ÁkÊí ¸ÇÉ*d¨XÖA ôÍÐI=ΤsWÍ\\ªo?Ρ‰ÙOƒó3[ÚÄ'IR3ä«§ S¦ã¬šV㸋ϫ¡Ö{–[ò¢$ÂWv|æÛ\쾀謭u¯ëf¾;Ùh$G\š ³}ž·,å# îU7Nù %G 0(MUNu^ ÃU*NÏU@UB]w@Ÿ4ßó mNUN˜HP LaserJet 6P/6MP - EnhancedHPBXLAÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈ0nL:Î&Öd9 Z‹6Times New Roman RegularX($¡¡(ÈhH  Z6Times New Roman Regular諘(á(ÈhH  Z 6Times New Roman Regular*Ͼ¦ `(CG TimesScalableô\  `*Times New RomanTT N ODPUQRSDTUDVDW |‹÷& 3|xW ÿU‹ÿÀÀÀ(uHš Z ‹6Times New Roman RegularÝ ƒ!ÝÝ  ÝÔ_Ôò òÔ‡X¤XXXÔÓ  ÓEthics€2000€CommissionÐ ° ÐProposed€Rule€1.6€„€Revised€Public€Discussion€Draft€#2ÌApril€2ñTñ5ñTññUñ0ñUñ,€2000ó óÐ |Ì ÐÓMÓÌMaterial€added€to€the€current€Model€Rule€has€been€òòunderlinedóó;€deletions€from€the€current€ModelÐ H˜ ÐRule€have€been€ò òstruck€throughó ó.Ô#†X¤XXX¤.#ÔÔ‡X¤XXX¤ÔÐ . ~ Ðà@ìì*ìàˆÌÓ  ÓCONFIDENTIALITY€OF€INFORMATIONÌÓÓÔ#†X¤XXX¤Ç#ÔÔ‡X¤XXX¤Ôò òÌÔ#†X¤XXX¤m#ÔÓ=‡¤ÐXdÐd=Óó óÔ‡X¤XXX¤Ôà  à(a)€à ` àA€lawyer€shall€not€reveal€information€relating€to€the€representation€of€a€clientÐ Æ   Ðunless€the€client€ò òconsents€after€consultation,€except€for€disclosures€that€areó óÔ#†X¤XXX¤ó#ÔÔ‡X¤XXX¤Ô€òògives€informedÐ ¬ ü  Ðconsent,€the€disclosure€isóó€impliedly€authorized€in€order€to€carry€out€the€representation,€ò òand€exceptÐ ’â  Ðas€stated€inó óÔ#†X¤XXX¤ #ÔÔ‡X¤XXX¤Ô€òòor€the€disclosure€is€permitted€byóó€paragraph€(b)€òòor€required€by€paragraph€(c)óó.Ð xÈ  ÐÌà  à(b)à ` àA€lawyer€may€reveal€ò òsuchó ó€information€òòrelating€to€the€representation€of€a€client€óótoÐ D”  Ðthe€extent€the€lawyer€reasonably€believes€necessaryÌÌÒ°Òà ` à(1)à ¸ àto€prevent€Ô#†X¤XXX¤#ÔÔ‡X¤XXX¤Ôò òthe€client€from€committing€a€criminal€act€that€the€lawyerÐ öF Ðbelieves€is€likely€to€result€in€imminentÔ#†X¤XXX¤ª#ÔÔ‡X¤XXX¤Ôó ó€òòreasonably€certainóó€death€or€substantial€bodilyÐ Ü, Ðharm;ÌÌÒ°SÒÒ°ÒÒ°Òò òà ` àòòó ó(2)à ¸ àto€prevent€the€client€from€committing€a€crime€or€fraud€that€isÐ ŽÞ Ðreasonably€certain€to€result€in€substantial€injury€to€the€financial€interests€orÏproperty€of€another€and€in€furtherance€of€which€the€client€has€used€or€is€using€theÏlawyerððs€services;ÌÌà ` à(3)à ¸ àto€prevent,€mitigate,€or€rectify€substantial€injury€to€the€financialÐ  \ Ðinterests€or€property€of€another€that€is€reasonably€certain€to€result€or€has€resultedÏfrom€the€clientððs€commission€of€a€crime€or€fraud€in€furtherance€of€which€the€clientÏhas€used€the€lawyerððs€services;ÌÒ°êÒÌà ` à(4)à ¸ àto€secure€legal€advice€about€the€lawyerððs€compliance€with€these€Rules;óó€orÐ Š Ú ÐÒ7 °ÒÌÒ° Òà ` àòò(5)óó€ò ò(2)ó óÔ#†X¤XXX¤e#ÔÔ‡X¤XXX¤Ôà ¸ àto€establish€a€claim€or€defense€on€behalf€of€the€lawyer€in€a€controversyÐ V"¦! Ðbetween€the€lawyer€and€the€client,€to€establish€a€defense€to€a€criminal€charge€or€civilÏclaim€against€the€lawyer€based€upon€conduct€in€which€the€client€was€involved,€or€toÏrespond€to€allegations€in€any€proceeding€concerning€the€lawyerððs€representation€of€theÏclient.€ÌÌòòà0 ` àò òò ò(6)€to€comply€with€law€or€[a€court€order]€[an€order€of€a€tribunal].€€€ó óó óóóк' #'` (#` (# ÐÌòòò òòò(c)à ` àA€lawyer€shall€reveal€information€relating€to€the€representation€of€a€client€toÐ †)Ö$) Ðthe€extent€reasonably€necessary€for€the€lawyer€Ô_ÔtoÔ_Ô€comply€with€these€Rules€or€with€otherÏlaw€or€a€court€order.ó óóóÐ R+¢&+ ÐóóÓ  Óò òÌÓ¹ÓÓ  ÓÐ -n(- ÐÓÙÓCommentÌÓ  ÓÌó óÓÓà ` àò ò[1]ó óà ¸ àò òThe€lawyer€is€part€of€a€judicial€system€charged€with€upholding€the€law.Ð |Ì ÐOne€of€the€lawyer's€functions€is€to€advise€clients€so€that€they€avoid€any€violation€of€theÏlaw€in€the€proper€exercise€of€their€rights.ÌÌó óà ` àò ò[2]ó óà ¸ àò òThe€observance€of€the€ethical€obligation€of€a€lawyer€to€hold€inviolateÐ  d Ðconfidential€information€of€the€client€not€only€facilitates€the€full€development€of€factsÏessential€to€proper€representation€of€the€client€but€also€encourages€people€to€seek€earlyÏlegal€assistance.ó óÐ Æ   Ðò òÌó óà ` àò ò[3]ó óà ¸ àò òAlmost€without€exception,€clients€come€to€lawyers€in€order€to€determineÐ ’â  Ðwhat€their€rights€are€and€what€is,€in€the€maze€of€laws€and€regulations,€deemed€to€be€legalÏand€correct.€The€common€law€recognizes€that€the€clientððs€confidences€must€be€protectedÏfrom€disclosure.€Based€upon€experience,€lawyers€know€that€almost€all€clients€follow€theÏadvice€given,€and€the€law€is€upheld.ÌÌó óòòà ` à[1]à ¸ àThis€Rule€governs€the€disclosure€by€a€lawyer€of€information€relating€to€theÐ öF Ðrepresentation€of€a€client€during€the€lawyerððs€representation€of€the€client.€€See€Rule€1.18Ïfor€the€lawyerððs€duties€with€respect€to€information€provided€to€the€lawyer€by€aÏprospective€client,€Rule€1.9(c)(2)€for€the€lawyerððs€duty€not€to€reveal€information€relatingÏto€the€lawyerððs€prior€representation€of€a€former€client,€and€Rules€1.8(b)€and€1.9(c)(1)€forÏthe€lawyerððs€duties€with€respect€to€the€use€of€such€information€to€the€disadvantage€ofÏclients€and€former€clients.Ô#†X¤XXX¤v #ÔÔ‡X¤XXX¤ÔóóÐ Zª ÐÌà ` àò ò[4]ó ó€òò[2]óó€€A€fundamental€principle€in€the€client-lawyer€relationship€is€thatòò,€in€theÐ &v Ðabsence€of€the€clientððs€informed€consent,óó€the€lawyer€ò òmaintain€confidentiality€ofó ó€òòmust€notÐ  \ Ðrevealóó€information€relating€to€the€representation.€òòThis€contributes€to€the€trust€that€is€theÐ òB Ðhallmark€of€the€client„lawyer€relationship.óó€The€client€is€thereby€encouraged€òòto€seek€legalÐ Ø( Ðassistance€andóó€to€communicate€fully€and€frankly€with€the€lawyer€even€as€to€embarrassingÐ ¾ Ðor€legally€damaging€subject€matter.€òòThe€lawyer€needs€this€information€to€represent€theÐ ¤ô Ðclient€effectively€and,€if€necessary,€to€advise€the€client€to€refrain€from€wrongful€conduct.ÏAlmost€without€exception,€clients€come€to€lawyers€in€order€to€determine€their€rights€andÏwhat€is,€in€the€complexò ò€ó óof€laws€and€regulations,€deemed€to€be€legal€and€correctÔ#†X¤XXX¤Ü#ÔÔ‡X¤XXX¤Ô.€BasedÐ V"¦! Ðupon€experience,€lawyers€know€that€almost€all€clients€follow€the€advice€given,€and€theÏlaw€is€upheld.óóÔ#†X¤XXX¤ #ÔÔ‡X¤XXX¤ÔÐ "$r# ÐÌà ` àò ò[5]ó ó€òò[3]óóà ¸ àThe€principle€of€òòclient„lawyeróó€confidentiality€is€given€effect€ò òin€twoó ó€òòbyóóÐ î%>!% Ðrelated€bodies€of€law,€the€attorney-client€privilegeòò,óó€ò ò(which€includesó ó€the€work€productÐ Ô&$"& Ðdoctrineò ò)€in€the€law€of€evidenceó óòò,óó€and€the€rule€of€confidentiality€established€in€professionalÐ º' #' Ðethics.€The€attorney-client€privilege€applies€in€judicial€and€other€proceedings€in€which€aÏlawyer€may€be€called€as€a€witness€or€otherwise€required€to€produce€evidence€concerning€aÏclient.€The€rule€of€client-lawyer€confidentiality€applies€in€situations€other€than€thoseÏwhere€evidence€is€sought€from€the€lawyer€through€compulsion€of€law.€The€confidentialityÏruleòò,€for€example,óó€applies€not€ò òmerelyó ó€òòonlyóó€to€matters€communicated€in€confidence€by€theÐ 8,ˆ', Ðclient€but€also€to€all€information€relating€to€the€representation,€whatever€its€source.€AÐ -n(- Ðlawyer€may€not€disclose€such€information€except€as€authorized€or€required€by€the€RulesÏof€Professional€Conduct€or€other€law.€See€also€Scope.€€ò òÐ –æ ÐÌó óà ` àò ò[6]ó óà ¸ àò òThe€requirement€of€maintaining€confidentiality€of€information€relating€toÐ b² Ðrepresentation€applies€to€government€lawyers€who€may€disagree€with€the€policy€goals€thatÏtheir€representation€is€designed€to€advance.Ìó óò òÌà ` àòòó ó[4]à ¸ àParagraph€(a)€prohibits€a€lawyer€from€revealing€information€relating€to€theÐ ú J Ðrepresentation€of€a€client.€This€prohibition€also€applies€to€disclosures€by€a€lawyer€that€doÏnot€in€themselves€reveal€protected€information€but€could€reasonably€lead€to€the€discoveryÏof€such€information€by€a€third€person.€A€lawyerððs€use€of€Ô_ÔhypotheticalsÔ_Ô€to€discuss€issuesÏrelating€to€the€representation€is€permissible€so€long€as€there€is€no€reasonable€likelihoodÏthat€the€listener€will€be€able€to€ascertain€the€identity€of€the€client€or€the€situation€involved.ò òóóÐ xÈ  ÐÌó óò òAuthorized€Disclosureó óò òÐ D”  Ðó óÌà ` àò ò[7]ó ó€òò[5]à ¸ àÔ#†X¤XXX¤Ð#ÔÔ‡X¤XXX¤Ôóóò òAó ó€òòExcept€to€the€extent€that€the€client's€instructions€or€specialÐ ` Ðcircumstances€limit€that€authority,Ô#†X¤XXX¤¯##ÔÔ‡X¤XXX¤Ô€aóóÔ#†X¤XXX¤u$#ÔÔ‡X¤XXX¤Ô€lawyer€is€impliedly€authorized€to€make€disclosuresÐ öF Ðabout€a€client€when€appropriate€in€carrying€out€the€representationò ò,€except€to€the€extentÐ Ü, Ðthat€the€client's€instructions€or€special€circumstances€limit€that€authorityó ó.Ô#†X¤XXX¤¼$#ÔÔ‡X¤XXX¤Ô€In€ò òlitigationó óÐ Â ÐòòsomeÔ#†X¤XXX¤&#ÔÔ‡X¤XXX¤Ô€situationsóóÔ#†X¤XXX¤x&#ÔÔ‡X¤XXX¤Ô,€for€example,€a€lawyer€may€ò òdisclose€information€by€admittingó óÔ#†X¤XXX¤È&#ÔÔ‡X¤XXX¤Ô€òòbeÐ ¨ø Ðimpliedly€authorized€to€Ô#†X¤XXX¤M'#ÔÔ‡X¤XXX¤Ôadmitóó€a€fact€that€cannot€properly€be€disputed€orò ò,€in€negotiation€byÐ ŽÞ Ðmakingó ó€òòto€makeóó€a€disclosure€that€facilitates€a€satisfactory€conclusion€òòto€a€matteróó.Ô#†X¤XXX¤Â'#ÔÔ‡X¤XXX¤Ô€ò ò[8]ó ó€Ð tÄ ÐLawyers€in€a€firm€may,€in€the€course€of€the€firm's€practice,€disclose€to€each€otherÏinformation€relating€to€a€client€of€the€firm,€unless€the€client€has€instructed€that€particularÏinformation€be€confined€to€specified€lawyers.Ô#†X¤XXX¤Ä(#ÔÔ‡ X¤XXX¤ÔÐ &v ÐÌÔ#†X¤XX X¤*#ÔÔ‡X¤XXX¤Ôò òDisclosure€Adverse€to€Client€òòó óÐ òB Ðóóò òÔ#†X¤XXX¤^*#ÔÔ‡X¤XXX¤ÔÌà ` àò òó ó[9]ó ó€òò[6]à ¸ àóóò òTheó ó€òòAlthough€the€public€interest€is€usually€best€served€by€a€strict€ruleÐ ¾ Ðrequiring€lawyers€to€preserve€the€confidentiality€of€information€relating€to€theÏrepresentation€of€their€clients,€theóó€confidentiality€rule€is€subject€to€limited€exceptions.€ò òInÐ Š Ú Ðbecoming€privy€to€information€about€a€client,€a€lawyer€may€foresee€that€the€client€intendsÏserious€harm€to€another€person.€€However,€to€the€extent€a€lawyer€is€required€or€permittedÏto€disclose€a€client's€purposes,€the€client€will€be€inhibited€from€revealing€facts€whichÏwould€enable€the€lawyer€to€counsel€against€a€wrongful€course€of€action.€The€public€isÏbetter€protected€if€full€and€open€communication€by€the€client€is€encouraged€than€if€it€isÏinhibited.ó ó€Ô#†X¤XXX¤á*#ÔÔ‡X¤XXX¤ÔòòParagraph€(b)(1)€recognizes€the€overriding€value€of€life€and€physical€integrityÐ î%>!% Ðand€permits€disclosure€reasonably€necessary€to€prevent€reasonably€certain€death€orÏsubstantial€bodily€harm.€Such€harm€is€reasonably€certain€to€occur€if€it€will€be€sufferedÏimminently€or€if€there€is€a€present€and€substantial€threat€that€a€person€will€suffer€suchÏharm€at€a€later€date€if€the€lawyer€fails€to€take€action€necessary€to€eliminate€the€threat.ÏThus,€a€lawyer€who€knows€that€a€client€has€accidentally€discharged€toxic€waste€into€aÏtownððs€water€supply€may€reveal€this€information€to€the€authorities€if€there€is€a€present€andÏsubstantial€risk€that€a€person€who€drinks€the€water€will€contract€a€life„threatening€orÏdebilitating€disease€and€the€lawyerððs€disclosure€is€necessary€to€eliminate€the€threat€orÐ -n(- Ðreduce€the€number€of€victims.ÌÔ_Ôóóò òò òÌó ó€€ó óà ` àò ò[10]ó óà ¸ àò òSeveral€situations€must€be€distinguished.ó óÐ |Ì ÐÌà ` àò ò[11]ó óà ¸ àò òFirst,€the€lawyer€may€not€counsel€or€assist€a€client€in€conduct€that€isÐ H˜ Ðcriminal€or€fraudulent.€See€Rule€1.2(d).€Similarly,€a€lawyer€has€a€duty€under€RuleÏ3.3(a)(4)€not€to€use€false€evidence.€This€duty€is€essentially€a€special€instance€of€the€dutyÏprescribed€in€Rule€1.2(d)€to€avoid€assisting€a€client€in€criminal€or€fraudulent€conduct.Ìó óÌà ` àò ò[12]ó óà ¸ àò òSecond,€the€lawyer€may€have€been€innocently€involved€in€past€conduct€byÐ Æ   Ðthe€client€that€was€criminal€or€fraudulent.€In€such€a€situation€the€lawyer€has€not€violatedÏRule€1.2(d),€because€to€"counsel€or€assist"€criminal€or€fraudulent€conduct€requiresÏknowing€that€the€conduct€is€of€that€character.Ìó óÌà ` àò ò[13]ó óà ¸ àò òThird,€the€lawyer€may€learn€that€a€client€intends€prospective€conduct€thatÐ D”  Ðis€criminal€and€likely€to€result€in€imminent€death€or€substantial€bodily€harm.€As€stated€inÏparagraph€(b)(1),€the€lawyer€has€professional€discretion€to€reveal€information€in€order€toÏprevent€such€consequences.€The€lawyer€may€make€a€disclosure€in€order€to€preventÏhomicide€or€serious€bodily€injury€which€the€lawyer€reasonably€believes€is€intended€by€aÏclient.€It€is€very€difficult€for€a€lawyer€to€"know"€when€such€a€heinous€purpose€willÏactually€be€carried€out,€for€the€client€may€have€a€change€of€mind.ó óÐ ¨ø ÐÔ#†X¤XXX¤N.#Ôò òÔ‡X¤XXX¤ÔÌó óà ` àò ò[14]ó óà ¸ àò òThe€lawyerððs€exercise€of€discretion€requires€consideration€of€such€factorsÐ tÄ Ðas€the€nature€of€the€lawyerððs€relationship€with€the€client€and€with€those€who€might€beÏinjured€by€the€client,€the€lawyerððs€own€involvement€in€the€transaction€and€factors€thatÏmay€extenuate€the€conduct€in€question.€Where€practical,€the€lawyer€should€seek€toÏpersuade€the€client€to€take€suitable€action.€In€any€case,€a€disclosure€adverse€to€the€clientððsÏinterest€should€be€no€greater€than€the€lawyer€reasonably€believes€necessary€to€theÏpurpose.€A€lawyerððs€decision€not€to€take€preventive€action€permitted€by€paragraph€(b)(1)Ïdoes€not€violate€this€Rule.Ìò òó óÌò òò òó óWithdrawalò òó óÐ Š Ú Ðó óÌà ` àò òó ó[15]ó óà ¸ àò òIf€the€lawyer's€services€will€be€used€by€the€client€in€materially€furthering€aÐ V"¦! Ðcourse€of€criminal€or€fraudulent€conduct,€the€lawyer€must€withdraw,€as€stated€in€RuleÏ1.16(a)(1).ó óò òÐ "$r# ÐÌà ` àó óò ò[16]ó óà ¸ àò òAfter€withdrawal€the€lawyer€is€required€to€refrain€from€making€disclosureÐ î%>!% Ðof€the€client's€confidences,€except€as€otherwise€provided€in€Rule€1.6.€Neither€this€rule€norÏRule€1.8(b)€nor€Rule€1.16(d)€prevents€the€lawyer€from€giving€notice€of€the€fact€ofÏwithdrawal,€and€the€lawyer€may€also€withdraw€or€Ô_ÔdisaffirmÔ_Ô€any€opinion,€document,Ïaffirmation,€or€the€like.Ìó óÌà ` àò ò[17]ó ó€òò[7]óó€€òòParagraph€(b)(2)€is€a€limited€exception€to€the€rule€of€confidentiality€thatÐ R+¢&+ Ðenables€the€lawyer€to€reveal€information€to€the€extent€necessary€to€prevent€the€client€fromÏcommitting€a€crime€or€òòò òaó óóó€fraudòòò ò,€as€defined€in€Rule€1.0(c),ó óóó€that€is€reasonably€certain€toÐ -n(- Ðresult€in€substantial€injury€to€the€financial€or€property€interests€of€another€and€inÏfurtherance€of€which€the€client€has€used€or€is€using€the€lawyerððs€services.€Such€a€seriousÏabuse€of€the€client„lawyer€relationship€by€the€client€forfeits€the€protection€of€this€Rule.ÏThe€client€can,€of€course,€prevent€such€disclosure€by€refraining€from€the€wrongfulÏconduct.€Although€paragraph€(b)(2)€does€not€require€the€lawyer€to€reveal€the€clientððsÏmisconduct,€the€lawyer€may€not€counsel€or€assist€the€client€in€conduct€the€lawyer€knowsÏis€criminal€or€fraudulent.€€See€Rule€1.2(d).€See€also€Rule€1.16€with€respect€to€the€lawyerððsÏobligation€or€right€to€withdraw€from€the€representation€of€the€client€in€suchÏcircumstances.óó€Where€the€client€is€an€organization,€the€lawyer€may€be€in€doubt€whetherÐ à 0 Ðcontemplated€conduct€will€actually€be€carried€out€by€the€organization.€Where€necessary€toÏguide€conduct€in€connection€with€this€Rule,€the€lawyer€may€make€inquiry€within€theÏorganization€as€indicated€in€Rule€1.13(b).ÌÌò òà ` àó óòò[8]à ¸ àParagraph€(b)(3)€addresses€the€situation€in€which€the€lawyer€does€not€learnÐ ^®  Ðof€the€clientððs€crime€or€fraud€until€after€it€has€been€Ô_Ôconsummated.AlthoughÔ_Ô€the€client€noÏlonger€has€the€option€of€preventing€disclosure€by€refraining€from€the€wrongful€conduct,Ïthere€will€be€situations€in€which€the€loss€suffered€by€the€affected€person€can€be€prevented,Ïrectified€or€mitigated.€In€such€situations,€the€lawyer€may€disclose€information€relating€toÏthe€representation€to€the€extent€necessary€to€enable€the€affected€persons€to€prevent€orÏmitigate€reasonably€certain€loss€or€to€attempt€to€recoup€their€losses.Ìà ` àÔ#†X¤XXX¤8#ÔÔ‡X¤XXX¤ÔÌà ` à[9]à ¸ àA€lawyerððs€confidentiality€obligations€do€not€preclude€a€lawyer€fromÐ ŽÞ Ðsecuring€confidential€legal€advice€about€the€lawyerððs€personal€responsibility€to€complyÏwith€these€Rules.€€In€most€situations,€disclosing€information€to€secure€such€advice€will€beÏimpliedly€authorized€for€the€lawyer€to€carry€out€the€representation.€Even€when€theÏdisclosure€is€not€impliedly€authorized,€paragraph€(b)(4)€permits€such€disclosure€becauseÏof€the€importance€of€a€lawyerððs€compliance€with€the€Rules€of€Professional€Conduct.óóò òò òÐ  \ Ðó óó óÌò òò òDispute€Concerning€a€Lawyerððs€Conductó óó óÐ Ø( ÐÌà ` àò ò[18]ó ó€òò[10]óó€€Where€a€legal€claim€or€disciplinary€charge€alleges€complicity€of€theÐ ¤ô Ðlawyer€in€a€client's€conduct€or€other€misconduct€of€the€lawyer€involving€representation€ofÏthe€client,€the€lawyer€may€respond€to€the€extent€the€lawyer€reasonably€believes€necessaryÏto€establish€a€defense.€The€same€is€true€with€respect€to€a€claim€involving€the€conduct€orÏrepresentation€of€a€former€client.€òòSuch€a€charge€can€arise€in€a€civil,€criminal,€disciplinary,Ð <#Œ" Ðor€other€proceeding€and€can€be€based€on€a€wrong€allegedly€committed€by€the€lawyerÏagainst€the€client€or€on€a€wrong€alleged€by€a€third€person;€for€example,€a€person€claimingÏto€have€been€defrauded€by€the€lawyer€and€client€acting€together.óó€The€lawyer's€right€toÐ î%>!% Ðrespond€arises€when€an€assertion€of€such€complicity€has€been€made.€Paragraph€(b)ò ò(2)ó óòò(5)óóÐ Ô&$"& Ðdoes€not€require€the€lawyer€to€await€the€commencement€of€an€action€or€proceeding€thatÏcharges€such€complicity,€so€that€the€defense€may€be€established€by€responding€directly€toÏa€third€party€who€has€made€such€an€assertion.€The€right€to€defend€òòalso€appliesóó,€of€course,Ð †)Ö$) Ðwhere€a€proceeding€has€been€commenced.€ò òWhere€practicable€and€not€prejudicial€to€theÐ l*¼%* Ðlawyer's€ability€to€establish€the€defense,€the€lawyer€should€advise€the€client€of€the€thirdÏparty's€assertion€and€request€that€the€client€respond€appropriately.€In€any€event,€disclosureÏshould€be€no€greater€than€the€lawyer€reasonably€believes€is€necessary€to€vindicateÐ -n(- Ðinnocence,€the€disclosure€should€be€made€in€a€manner€which€limits€access€to€theÏinformation€to€the€tribunal€or€other€persons€having€a€need€to€know€it,€and€appropriateÏprotective€orders€or€other€arrangements€should€be€sought€by€the€lawyer€to€the€fullestÏextent€practicable.ó óÐ b² ÐÌà ` àò ò[19]ó ó€òò[11]óó€€ò òIf€the€lawyer€is€charged€with€wrongdoing€in€which€the€client's€conductÐ . ~ Ðis€implicated,€the€rule€of€confidentiality€should€not€prevent€the€lawyer€from€defendingÏagainst€the€charge.€Such€a€charge€can€arise€in€a€civil,€criminal€or€professional€disciplinaryÏproceeding,€and€can€be€based€on€a€wrong€allegedly€committed€by€the€lawyer€against€theÏclient,€or€on€a€wrong€alleged€by€a€third€person;€for€example,€a€person€claiming€to€haveÏbeen€defrauded€by€the€lawyer€and€client€acting€together.ó ó€A€lawyer€entitled€to€a€fee€isÐ ¬ ü  Ðpermitted€by€paragraph€(b)ò ò(2)ó óòò(5Ô#†X¤XXX¤6F#ÔÔ‡X¤XXX¤Ô)óó€to€prove€the€services€rendered€in€an€action€to€collect€it.Ð ’â  ÐThis€aspect€of€the€Rule€expresses€the€principle€that€the€beneficiary€of€a€fiduciaryÏrelationship€may€not€exploit€it€to€the€detriment€of€the€fiduciary.€ò òAs€stated€above,€theÐ ^®  Ðlawyer€must€make€every€effort€practicable€to€avoid€unnecessary€disclosure€of€informationÏrelating€to€a€representation,€to€limit€disclosure€to€those€having€the€need€to€know€it,€and€toÏobtain€protective€orders€or€make€other€arrangements€minimizing€the€risk€of€disclosure.Ìó óò òÌó óò òà ` àò òòò[21]€òò[12]€[14]óó€The€Rules€of€Professional€Conduct€in€various€circumstancesÐ Ü, Ðpermit€or€require€a€lawyer€to€disclose€information€relating€to€the€representation.€SeeÏRules€2.2,€2.3,€3.3,€and€4.1.€In€addition€to€these€provisions,€a€lawyer€may€be€obligatedÏor€permittedÔ#†X¤XXX¤ÿR#ÔÔ‡X¤XXX¤Ô€by€other€provisions€of€òòOtheróó€law€òòor€an€order€of€a€tribunal€may€require€aÐ ŽÞ Ðlawyer€to€provideóó€give€information€about€a€client.€Whether€another€provision€of€law€òòorÐ tÄ Ðthe€order€of€a€tribunalóó€supersedes€Rule€1.6€is€a€matter€of€interpretation€beyond€theÐ Zª Ðscope€of€these€Rules,€but€a€presumption€should€exist€against€such€a€supersession.€òòTheÐ @ Ðlawyer€must€discuss€with€the€client€the€possibility€of€challenging€the€law€or€order.€SeeÏRule€1.4.€€óóÔ#†X¤XXX¤¥V#ÔÔ‡X¤XXX¤Ô€òòIf€another€provision€of€law€or€the€order€of€a€tribunal€supersedes€these€Rules,Ð  \ Ðhowever,€paragraph€(b)(6)€permits€disclosure€to€the€extent€reasonably€necessary€for€theÏlawyer€to€comply€with€the€law€or€the€order.€€Disclosure€is€only€permitted€if€it€would€beÏunreasonable€under€the€circumstances€for€the€lawyer€to€challenge€the€validity€orÏapplicability€of€the€law€or€the€lawfulness€of€the€order,€such€as€would€be€the€case€ifÏthere€were€no€non„frivolous€basis€for€the€challenge.óóÔ#†X¤XXX¤ÿX#ÔÔ‡X¤XXX¤Ôò òÐ Š Ú Ðóóó óó óÌòòà ` àó óòòò ò[12]ò ò€[13]óó€ó óó óParagraph€(b)€permits€disclosure€only€to€the€extent€the€lawyerÐ V"¦! Ðreasonably€believes€the€disclosure€is€necessary€to€accomplish€one€of€the€purposesÏspecified.€Where€practicable,€the€lawyer€should€first€seek€to€persuade€the€client€to€takeÏsuitable€action€to€obviate€the€need€for€disclosure.€In€any€case,€a€disclosure€adverse€to€theÏclient's€interest€should€be€no€greater€than€the€lawyer€reasonably€believes€necessary€toÏaccomplish€the€purpose.€If€the€disclosure€will€be€made€in€connection€with€a€judicialÏproceeding,€Ô#†X¤XXX¤7[#ÔÔ‡X¤XXX¤Ôthe€disclosure€should€be€made€in€a€manner€that€limits€access€to€theÐ º' #' Ðinformation€to€the€tribunal€or€other€persons€having€a€need€to€know€it€and€appropriateÏprotective€orders€or€other€arrangements€should€be€sought€by€the€lawyer€to€the€fullestÏextent€practicable.óóÐ l*¼%* ÐÔ#†X¤XXX¤Þ]#ÔÔ‡X¤XXX¤Ôò òÌà ` àó óòòòòò ò[13]€ò òóó[14]€ó óó óParagraph€(b)€permits€but€does€not€require€the€disclosure€of€informationÐ 8,ˆ', Ðrelating€to€a€clientððs€representation€to€accomplish€the€purposes€specified€in€paragraphsÐ -n(- Ð(b)(1)€„€òò(5)óó€.€In€exercising€the€discretion€conferred€by€this€Rule,€the€lawyer€may€considerÐ ° Ðsuch€factors€as€the€nature€of€the€lawyer's€relationship€with€the€client€and€with€those€whoÏmight€be€injured€by€the€client,€the€lawyer's€own€involvement€in€the€transaction,€andÏfactors€that€may€extenuate€the€conduct€in€question.€A€lawyer's€decision€not€to€disclose€asÏpermitted€by€paragraph€(b)€does€not€violate€this€Rule.€In€some€circumstances,€however,òò€ò òaÐ H˜ Ðlawyer€may€be€required€by€these€Rules,€other€law,€or€a€court€orderó ó€ò òò òmay€require€theÐ . ~ Ðlawyeró óó ó€óóto€reveal€information€relating€to€the€clientððs€representation.€See€paragraph€(c)€andÐ  d ÐCommentsòòò ò€[14€]„[16].ó óóóÐ ú J ÐóóÓ  Óò òÌÓ…cÓòòòòRequiredóóóó€Disclosure€ò òòòOtherwise€Required€òòby€the€Rules€of€Professional€Conduct,€OtherÐ Æ   ÐLaw€or€a€Courtóó€Order€or€Authorizedó óó óÐ ¬ ü  ÐñVñÌñVñÌóóà ` àò ò[20]ó óà ¸ àò òThe€attorney„client€privilege€is€differently€defined€in€various€jurisdictions.Ð xÈ  ÐIf€a€lawyer€is€called€as€a€witness€to€give€testimony€concerning€a€client,€absent€waiver€byÏthe€client,€paragraph€(a)€requires€the€lawyer€to€invoke€the€privilege€when€it€is€applicable.ÏThe€lawyer€must€comply€with€the€final€orders€of€a€court€or€other€tribunal€of€competentÏjurisdiction€requiring€the€lawyer€to€give€information€about€the€client.Ìòòó óÌà ` àÔ#†X¤XXX¤O_#ÔÔ‡X¤XXX¤Ô[14]€ò òóó[21]ó ó€òòThe€Rules€of€Professional€Conduct€in€various€circumstances€ò òpermit€oró óÐ Ü, Ðrequire€a€lawyer€to€disclose€information€relating€to€the€representation.€See€òòe.góó.€Rules€ò ò2.2ó ó,Ð Â Ðò ò2.3,ó ó€3.3€and€4.1.€òòÔ#†X¤XXX¤…f#ÔÔ‡X¤XXX¤ÔSuch€Rules€take€precedence€over€Rule€1.6.óó€ò òÔ#†X¤XXX¤Ôg#ÔÔ‡X¤XXX¤ÔIn€addition€to€theseÐ ¨ø Ðprovisions,€a€lawyer€may€be€obligated€or€permittedÔ#†X¤XXX¤Fh#ÔÔ‡X¤XXX¤Ô€by€other€provisions€of€law€giveÐ ŽÞ Ðinformation€about€a€client.€Whether€another€provision€of€law€supersedes€Rule€1.6€is€aÏmatter€of€interpretation€beyond€the€scope€of€these€Rules,€but€a€presumption€should€existÏagainst€such€a€supersession.ó óÔ#†X¤XXX¤ãh#ÔÔ‡X¤XXX¤ÔòòÐ @ ÐÌÔ#†X¤XXX¤(j#ÔÔ‡X¤XXX¤Ôà ` à[15]€Ô#†X¤XXX¤ƒj#ÔÔ‡X¤XXX¤Ô€Other€law€may€provide€that€a€lawyer€must€disclose€information€about€aÐ  \ Ðclient.€€Whether€such€a€law€supersedes€Rule€1.6€is€a€question€of€law€beyond€the€scope€ofÏthese€Rules.€€When€it€is€unclear€that€the€law€in€question€requires€disclosure€or€supercedesÏthe€lawyerððs€confidentiality€obligations,€the€lawyer€must€discuss€with€the€client€theÏpossibility€of€contesting€the€disclosure€requirement.€€See€Rule€1.4.Ô#†X¤XXX¤Öj#ÔÔ‡X¤XXX¤Ô€€If,€however,other€lawÐ ¤ô Ðclearly€supersedes€this€Rule€and€requires€disclosure,€paragraph€(c)€requires€that€theÏlawyer€comply€with€the€law.óóÔ#†X¤XXX¤Ål#ÔÔ‡X¤XXX¤ÔÐ p!À  ÐÌà ` àñNññFñ[15]à ¸ àñFññNñÔ#†X¤XXX¤§m#ÔñNññFñÔ‡X¤XXX¤ÔòòñFññNññUñóóòòñUññNññFñÔ#†X¤XXX¤gn#ÔñFññNñÔ‡X¤XXX¤ÔñNññFñóóñFññFñ€If,€òòfor€example,óó€a€lawyer€is€called€as€a€witness€to€give€testimonyÐ "$r# Ðconcerning€a€client€or€is€otherwise€ordered€to€reveal€information€relating€to€the€clientððsÏrepresentation,€the€lawyer€must,€absent€informed€consent€of€the€client€to€do€otherwise,Ïassert€on€behalf€of€the€client€all€non„frivolous€claims€that€the€information€sought€isÏprotected€against€disclosure€by€the€attorney„client€privilege€or€other€applicable€law.€In€theÏevent€of€an€adverse€ruling,€the€lawyeròò€must€ò òshouldó óóó€consult€with€the€client€about€theÐ  (ð#( Ðpossibility€of€appeal.€See€Rule€1.4.€Unless€an€appeal€is€taken,€òòhowever,óó€the€lawyer€mustÐ †)Ö$) Ðcomply€with€the€order.€ñFññNñòòñNññFñ€See€Rule€3.4€(c).ñFññNñóóÔ#†X¤XXX¤¬n#ÔÔ‡X¤XXX¤ÔñOñÌñOñÔ#†X¤XXX¤r#ÔÔ‡X¤XXX¤ÔòòñOññMñÌñMñà ¸ àñOñ[16]€Ô#†X¤XXX¤Pr#ÔÔ‡X¤XXX¤Ôò ò[15]€Paragraph€(c)€recognizes€that€compliance€with€Rules€3.3,€3.4(c)€andÐ <#Œ" Ð4.1€may€require€disclosure€of€information€relating€to€a€clientððs€representation€andÏprovides€that€the€lawyerððs€compliance€with€such€duties€take€precedence€over€this€Rule.€€AÏlawyer€must€also€comply€with€lawful€orders€ofóó€òòa€tribunalÔ#†X¤XXX¤»r#ÔÔ‡X¤XXX¤Ô,€an€administrative€or€executiveÐ î%>!% Ðagency,€or€a€legislative€bodyó óóó.Ô#†X¤XXX¤Ot#ÔÔ‡X¤XXX¤Ôòò€ParagraphÔ#†X¤XXX¤êt#ÔÔ‡X¤XXX¤Ô€(c)€mandates€compliance€with€a€court€orderÐ Ô&$"& Ðrequiring€a€lawyer€to€disclose€information€relating€to€a€clientððs€representation..óóIfòòò ò,€forÐ º' #' Ðexample,ó óóó€a€lawyer€is€called€as€a€witness€to€give€testimony€concerning€a€client€or€isÐ  (ð#( Ðotherwise€ordered€to€reveal€information€relating€to€the€clientððs€representation,€òòhoweveróó,Ð †)Ö$) Ðthe€lawyer€must,€absent€informed€consent€of€the€client€to€do€otherwise,€assert€on€behalf€ofÏthe€client€all€non„frivolous€claims€that€the€information€sought€is€protected€againstÏdisclosure€by€the€attorney„client€privilegeòò€óóor€other€applicable€law.€In€the€event€of€anÐ 8,ˆ', Ðadverse€ruling,€the€lawyer€must€consult€with€the€client€about€the€possibility€of€appeal.€SeeÐ -n(- ÐRule€1.4.€Unless€an€appeal€is€taken,€however,€the€lawyer€must€comply€with€the€courtððsÏorder.€€See€Rule€3.4€(c).òòÔ#†X¤XXX¤9u#ÔÔ‡X¤XXX¤ÔÐ –æ ÐóóÔ#†X¤XXX¤$y#ÔÔ‡X¤XXX¤ÔóóÌò òòòActing€Competently€to€Preserve€Confidentialityó óÐ b² ÐÌà ` à[16]à ¸ àA€lawyer€must€act€competently€to€safeguard€information€relating€to€theÐ . ~ Ðrepresentation€of€a€client€against€inadvertent€or€unauthorized€disclosure€by€the€lawyer€orÏby€other€persons€who€are€participating€in€the€representation€of€the€client€or€who€areÏsubject€to€the€lawyerððs€supervision.€See€Rules€1.1,€5.1,€and€5.3.ÌÌà ` à[17]à ¸ àWhen€transmitting€a€communication€that€includes€information€relating€toÐ ¬ ü  Ðthe€representation€of€a€client,€the€lawyer€must€take€reasonable€precautions€to€prevent€theÏinformation€from€coming€into€the€hands€of€unintended€recipients.€This€duty,€however,Ïdoes€not€require€that€the€lawyer€use€special€security€measures€if€the€method€ofÏcommunication€affords€a€reasonable€expectation€of€privacy.€Special€circumstances,Ïhowever,€may€warrant€special€precautions.€Factors€to€be€considered€in€determining€theÏreasonableness€of€the€lawyerððs€expectation€of€confidentiality€include€the€sensitivity€of€theÏinformation€and€the€extent€to€which€the€privacy€of€the€communication€is€protected€by€lawÏor€by€a€confidentiality€agreement.€A€client€may€require€the€lawyer€to€implement€specialÏsecurity€measures€not€required€by€this€Rule€or€may€give€informed€consent€to€the€use€of€aÏmeans€of€communication€that€would€otherwise€be€prohibited€by€this€Rule.Ìóó€Ð ŽÞ Ðò ò€Former€Clientsó óò òÐ tÄ ÐÓlÓÌÓtÓ‚ó óà ` àò ò[22]ó ó€òò[18]óó€€The€duty€of€confidentiality€continues€after€the€client„lawyer€relationshipÐ @ Ðhas€terminated.ò ò€ó óòòSee€Rule€1.9(c)(2).òò€óó€See€Rule€1.9(c)(1)€for€the€prohibition€against€usingÐ &v Ðsuch€information€to€the€disadvantage€of€the€former€client.óóò òÐ  \ ÐÓA†XÐXdÐXd³AÓÒHÒÒH°Òó óÔ#†X¤XXX¤~y#ÔÔ‡X¤XXX¤ÔÌÌò òÓ  ÓReporterððs€Observationsó óÐ ¾ ÐÓ”ÓÌÔ#†X¤XXX¤p#ÔÔ‡X¤XXX¤ÔÌò òDelete€Paragraph€(b)(6)€and€add€paragraph€(c):ó ó€Ð p!À  ÐÌà   àThe€Commission€voted€to€delete€paragraph€(b)(6)€and€add€paragraph€(c)€making€disclosureÏmandatory€to€the€extent€necessary€for€the€lawyer€to€require€with€the€Rules€of€Professional€Conduct€or€lawÏor€a€court€order€requiring€the€lawyer€to€do€so.€€This€change€would€be€coupled€with€modifications€of€theÏComments€to€clarify€the€lawyerððs€duty€consult€with€the€client€about€resisting€disclosure€when€there€is€anyÏuncertainty€about€the€validity€of€the€law€or€the€order€requiring€disclosure.€Paragraph€(c)€has€beenÏformulated€to€make€clear€that€the€law€or€court€must€specifically€require€that€the€lawyer€make€theÏdisclosure€in€question.€Ô_ÔÔ_ÔÔ_ÔÔ_ÔÌò òñPñÌñPñComment€[7]:Ìó óÌà   àThe€Reporter€was€asked€to€add€a€cross„reference€to€the€definition€of€fraud€in€Rule€1.0(c).à À! àÔ#†X¤XXX¤‚#ÔÔ‡X¤XXX¤Ôò òÐ 8,ˆ', ÐÐ -n(- ÐDelete€Comment€[12]:ÌÌà   àó óThis€Comment€has€been€deleted€because€of€the€deletion€of€paragraphñQñ€(bñQññRñ)(6).ñRññSññQñ0€(60ñQñ.ñSñ€The€comments€aboutÐ |Ì Ðresisting€disclosure€and€consulting€with€the€client€have€been€incorporated€into€Comments€[14]€„€[16]€thatÏhave€been€added€to€explain€paragraph€(c).€Ìò òÌComment€[13]:€€ÌÌà   àó óThe€last€sentence€has€been€modified€to€provide€a€transition€between€the€Comments€that€discussÐ à 0 Ðpermissive€disclosure€and€those€that€discuss€mandatory€disclosure.€Ìò òÌÔ#†X¤XXX¤è…#ÔComment€[14]:€Ð ’â  Ðó óÌà   à€Comment€[14]€has€been€added€to€confirm€the€point€in€paragraph€(c)€that€other€Rules€ofÏProfessional€Conduct,€such€as€Rules€3.3€and€4.1,€may€require€disclosure€of€information€relating€to€aÏclientððs€representation€and€that€such€rules€trump€Rule€1.6.€€I€have€mentioned€Rules€3.3€and€4.1€asÏexamples€because€there€may€be€situations€in€which€disclosure€would€be€required€for€the€lawyer€to€complyÏwith€Rule€1.2(d),€Rule€3.4(c),€or€even€Rules€8.4€(a),€(b),€(c)€or€(d).ÌÌò òComment€[15]:ó óÐ Â ÐÌà   àComment€[15]€addresses€the€requirement€in€paragraph€(c)€that€a€lawyer€disclose€informationÏrelating€to€a€clientððs€representation€to€the€extent€necessary€to€comply€with€law€requiring€the€lawyer€to€doÏso.ñWñ€The€Comment€also€addresses€disclosure€orders€issued€by€administrative€agencies€or€legislative€bodiesÏthat€are€based€on€a€claim€that€the€order€is€authorized€by€law.€€The€latter€situation€is€addressed€in€thisÏComment€because€paragraph€(c)€only€refers€to€law€or€a€ð ðcourtðð€order€and€a€lawyer,€therefore€is€onlyÏrequired€to€comply€with€orders€of€other€tribunals,€agencies,€or€legislative€bodies€if€the€order€is€authorizedÏby€law€that€supersedes€Rule€1.6.ñWñ€The€basic€point€of€the€Comment€is€that€the€lawyer€must€consider€and€is€required€by€Rule€1.4€to€consultÏwith€the€client€about€the€possibility€of€challenging€the€disclosure€requirement€if€there€is€there€is€a€non„¼frivolous€basis€for€doing€so.€Ìò òÌComment€[16]:ó óÐ òB ÐÌà   àComment€[16]€addresses€the€situation€in€which€a€court€orders€a€lawyer€to€disclose€informationÏrelating€to€a€clientððs€representation..€Again€the€basic€point€is€that€the€lawyer€must€consider€and€consultÏwith€the€client€about€the€possibility€of€challenging€the€order€if€there€is€a€non„frivolous€basis€for€doing€so.