ÿWPCI  wPt«ŠBFyu·õÀ‘ñum/GPHF_EròlUmaÑ`zÉÝhUp4‚ƒUd7ËAØYe¦Wƒ˜ÈРÒGŽ©•u$K&ºÛ’÷ËG`mû8´á=Tø…Ït…;à•áKÛßàm¿-—«;¬d‹n+P~ñÍ­`_¿êˆ–ó˾¦ölc{ƒ;^€æfÊY¾-«çb1vI2²a`Mô‹šÀú6øŒhÏù:‹ƒnMñ¿ÓA—2qÜU+@‰osÍv‡Ëõµaó›<£ÄbÄã[rwNÃ|æ:x »­óœ ³Ü Y¥õ^Ϥ¥‚ÚT$ð·ïài¯“tÊøJ@Ð;:þ4ð›× ‰Yg· ³Wu´V7÷Pæ¼·7®Z§»Dþ:Ž¬ît´™{¿iì\*‹z‚Þª3b¡êX¯³s¦d›“ðJ?ŠTìKL±4Èìý§¿•Ef=ÑfQ³Ls"l­õû&«’~1ù"Ó­6'®—Ê./Ÿã?´¦.cVMwM˜Åp¨8»_{¾bJÛAj~åå5Ø£›AÀï¹*$Û‹{# ÄUNÏ % 0(#U@KUB‹UNÍw@4[o~† 0D˜\\ARISTOTLE\541_14_CPR02_HP5SI_PSWINSPOOLÆÜÜÎÎÜÆÜ0 (ÈhH  Z 6Times New Roman RegularX($¡¡*Ͼ¦ `(CG TimesScalableô\  `*Times New RomanTT(  Z ‹6Times New Roman Regular ÔEÕÖE×ØEÙÚÓ€ÛEÜÝÏõ†t%@1d3|xà uÝ ƒ ¯'ÝÝ  ÝÓ  Óò òWORKING€DRAFTÐ ° ÐFOR€USE€BY€ETHICS€2000€COMMISSION€ONLYó ó(3¯$§§Ý ƒ!ÝÝ  ÝÝ ƒ!ÝÝ  ÝÑà°ÑÓ  ÓÑ7€§%XXdìdÈ7ÑñÝñÖ€ ÿÿÖñÝñ1/11/1999›ÌPROPOSED€RULE€1.6€„€œ7th›€DraftÌ(for€final€review€by€Commission€prior€to€release€to€public€)ÌÓ)Óà@ìì*ìàˆÌÓ  ÓConfidentiality€of€InformationÌÓÓÔ‡X§%XXXÔò òÌÔ#†X§%XXX§%R#ÔÓ=‡§%XÐXdÐd=Ó(a)€A€lawyer€shall€not€reveal€information€relating€to€representation€of€a€client€unless€the€clientÐ Ø ˆ Ðconsents€after€consultation,€except€for€disclosures€that€are€impliedly€authorized€in€order€to€carryÏout€the€representation,€and€except€as€stated€in€paragraph€(b).Ô‡X§%XXX§%Ôó óÐ °` Ðà  àÔ#†X§%XXX§%î#ÔÌ(a)€€A€lawyer€shall€not€reveal€information€relating€to€the€representation€of€a€client€œò òòòor›€a€formerÐ ˆ8  Ðœclientóóó ó›€unless€the€client€ò ògives€informed€consent,€the€disclosure€is€ó óimpliedly€authorized€in€order€toÐ t$  Ðcarry€out€the€representation,€or€ò òthe€disclosure€is€permitted€byó ó€paragraph€(b)€ò òor€required€byÐ `  Ðparagraph€(c).ó óÐ Lü  ÐÌ(b)€A€lawyer€may€reveal€information€relating€to€the€representation€of€a€client€œò òòòor›€a€former€œclientóóó ó›€toÐ $Ô  Ðthe€extent€the€lawyer€reasonably€believes€necessary:ÌÌÒ°Ò(1)€to€prevent€Ô‡X§%XXX§%Ôò òthe€client€from€committing€a€criminal€act€that€the€lawyer€believes€is€likelyÐ è˜ Ðto€result€in€imminentÔ#†X§%XXX§%Ö#Ôó ó€ò òreasonably€certainó ó€death€or€substantial€bodily€harm;Ð Ô„ ÐÌÒ°Òò ò(2)€to€prevent€the€client€from€committing€a€crime€or€fraud€that€is€likely€to€result€inÐ ¬\ Ðsubstantial€injury€to€the€financial€interests€or€property€of€another€and€in€ò òòòtheó ó€óóÐ ˜H Ðfurtherance€of€which€theó ó€ò òclient€has€used€or€is€using€the€lawyerððs€services;€€Ð „4 ÐÌ(3)€to€rectify€or€mitigate€substantial€injury€to€the€financial€interests€or€property€ofÏanother€ò òthat€has€resultedó ó€òòresultingóó€from€the€clientððs€commission€of€a€crime€orÐ Hø Ðfraud€in€ò òòòtheó ó€óófurtherance€of€which€the€client€has€used€the€lawyerððs€services;Ð 4 ä ÐÒ°åÒÌ(4)€to€secure€legal€advice€about€the€lawyerððs€compliance€with€these€Rules;ó ó€orÐ  "¼ ÐÒ7 °ÒÌÒ°ó Ò(5)€to€establish€a€claim€or€defense€on€behalf€of€the€lawyer€in€a€controversy€between€theÏclient€and€the€lawyer,€to€establish€a€defense€to€a€criminal€charge€or€civil€claim€against€theÏlawyer€that€is€based€upon€conduct€in€which€the€client€was€involved,€or€to€respond€in€any€Ïproceeding€to€allegations€concerning€the€lawyerððs€representation€of€the€client.€ÌÒ°¹ÒÌò ò(c)€A€lawyer€shall€reveal€information€relating€to€the€representation€of€a€client€œòòor›€a€former€œclientóó›€toÐ €(0!$ Ðthe€extent€required€by€law€or€court€order,€or€when€necessary€to€comply€with€Rules€3.3,€____,Ï____,€or€____.Ìó óÓ  Óò òÌÓ‡ ÓÓ  ÓCOMMENT€ÌÓ§ ÓÓ  ÓÌó óÓÌ Óà  àœ[ò ò1]›€The€lawyer€is€part€of€a€judicial€system€charged€with€upholding€the€law.€One€of€theÐ .¸&* Ðlawyer's€functions€is€to€advise€clients€so€that€they€avoid€any€violation€of€the€law€in€the€properÐ ô.¤'+ Ðexercise€of€their€œrights.Ì›ÌÓA†XÐXdXÐXd˜AÓó óò òÓA‡§%XÐXd9 XÐXdAÓà  à[1]€This€Rule€governs€the€disclosure€by€a€lawyer€of€information€relating€to€theÐ ( Ø Ðrepresentation€of€a€client€both€during€and€after€the€lawyerððs€representation€of€the€client.€€SeeÏRules€1.8(b)€and€1.9(c)€with€respect€to€the€use€of€such€information€to€the€disadvantage€of€clientsÏand€former€clients.€[Also€see€Rule€[€€]€with€respect€to€lawyerððs€confidentiality€duty€to€prospectiveÏclients.]ó óò òÐ Ø ˆ ÐÌó óà  à[2]€The€observance€of€the€ethical€obligation€of€a€lawyer€to€hold€inviolate€confidentialÐ °` Ðinformation€of€the€client€not€only€facilitates€the€full€development€of€facts€essential€to€properÏrepresentation€of€the€client€but€also€encourages€people€to€seek€early€legal€assistance.Ìò òÌó óà  à[3]€Almost€without€exception,€clients€come€to€lawyers€in€order€to€determine€what€theirÐ `  Ðrights€are€and€what€is,€in€the€maze€of€laws€and€regulations,€deemed€to€be€legal€and€correct.€TheÏcommon€law€recognizes€that€the€client's€confidences€must€be€protected€from€disclosure.€BasedÏupon€experience,€lawyers€know€that€almost€all€clients€follow€the€advice€given,€and€the€law€isÏupheld.ÌÌà  à[4]€A€fundamental€principle€in€the€client-lawyer€relationship€is€that€the€lawyer€maintainÏconfidentiality€of€information€relating€to€the€representation.€ò òThis€contributes€to€the€trust€that€isÐ Ô„ Ðthe€hallmark€of€the€client„lawyer€relationship.ó ó€The€client€is€thereby€encouraged€to€communicateÐ Àp Ðfully€and€frankly€with€the€lawyer€even€as€to€embarrassing€or€legally€damaging€subject€matterò ò.Ð ¬\ ÐÌó óà  à[5]€The€principle€of€lawyer„client€confidentiality€is€given€effect€by€related€bodies€of€law,Ð „4 Ðthe€attorney-client€privilege€ò ò(which€includes€the€work€product€doctrine)€in€the€law€of€evidence,ó óÐ p  Ðò òthe€work„product€doctrine,€ó óand€the€rule€of€confidentiality€established€in€professional€ethics.€€TheÐ \  Ðattorney-client€privilege€applies€in€judicial€and€other€proceedings€in€which€a€lawyer€may€beÏcalled€as€a€witness€or€otherwise€required€to€produce€evidence€concerning€a€client.€The€rule€ofÏclient-lawyer€confidentiality€applies€in€situations€other€than€those€where€evidence€is€sought€fromÏthe€lawyer€through€compulsion€of€law.€€The€confidentiality€rule,€for€example,€applies€not€only€toÏmatters€communicated€in€confidence€by€the€client€but€also€to€all€information€relating€to€theÏrepresentation,€whatever€its€source.€A€lawyer€may€not€disclose€such€information€except€asÏauthorized€or€required€by€the€Rules€of€Professional€Conduct€or€other€law.€See€also€Scope.€€ò òÐ Ð$€  ÐÌó óà  à[6]€The€requirement€of€maintaining€confidentiality€of€information€relating€toÐ ¨&X" Ðrepresentation€applies€to€government€lawyers€who€may€disagree€with€the€policy€goals€that€theirÏrepresentation€is€designed€to€advance.ò òÐ €(0!$ Ðó óò òÌà  à[7]€Paragraph€(a)€prohibits€a€lawyer€from€revealing€information€relating€to€theÏrepresentation€of€a€client.€This€prohibition€also€applies€to€disclosures€by€a€lawyer€that€do€not€inÏthemselves€reveal€protected€information€but€could€reasonably€lead€to€the€discovery€of€suchÏinformation€by€a€third€person.€€A€lawyerððs€use€of€œhypotheticals›€to€discuss€issues€relating€to€theÏrepresentation€is€permissible€so€long€as€there€is€no€reasonable€likelihood€that€the€listener€will€beÏable€to€ascertain€the€identity€of€the€client€or€the€situation€involved.Ð ô.¤'+ ÐÓ  Óó óÌœò òAuthorized›€Disclosureò òÐ <ì ÐÓjÓœó óó óÌ›à  àò ò[8]ó ó€ò ò[7]ó ó€€A€lawyer€is€impliedly€authorized€to€make€disclosures€about€a€client€whenÐ  Ä Ðappropriate€in€carrying€out€the€representation,€except€to€the€extent€that€the€client's€instructions€orÏspecial€circumstances€limit€that€authority.€In€litigation,€for€example,€a€lawyer€may€discloseÏinformation€by€admitting€a€fact€that€cannot€properly€be€disputed,€or€in€negotiation€by€making€aÏdisclosure€that€facilitates€a€satisfactory€conclusion.Ô‡X§%XXX§%ÔÐ Ä t ÐÌÔ#†X§%XXX§%ž#Ôà  àò ò[9]ó ó€ò ò[8]ó ó€€Lawyers€in€a€firm€may,€in€the€course€of€the€firm's€practice,€disclose€to€each€otherÐ œL  Ðinformation€relating€to€a€client€of€the€firm,€unless€the€client€has€instructed€that€particularÏinformation€be€confined€to€specified€lawyers.Ìò òà  àó ó¹Ó  Óò òDisclosure€Adverse€to€Client€òòó óÐ Lü  ÐóóÓ ÓÌà  àò ò[10]ó ó€ò ò[9]ó ó€ò òAlthough€the€public€interest€is€usually€best€served€by€a€strict€rule€requiringÐ $Ô  Ðlawyers€to€preserve€the€confidentiality€of€information€relating€to€the€representation€of€theirÏclients,ó ó€the€confidentiality€rule€is€subject€to€limited€exceptions.€€ò òIn€becoming€privy€to€informationÐ ü¬ Ðabout€a€client,€a€lawyer€may€foresee€that€the€client€intends€serious€harm€to€another€person.€ÏHowever,€to€the€extent€a€lawyer€is€required€or€permitted€to€disclose€a€client's€purposes,€the€clientÏwill€be€inhibited€from€revealing€facts€which€would€enable€the€lawyer€to€counsel€against€aÏwrongful€course€of€action.€The€public€is€better€protected€if€full€and€open€communication€by€theÏclient€is€encouraged€than€if€it€is€inhibited.ó ó€€ò òParagraph€(b)(1)€recognizes€the€overriding€value€ofÐ ˜H Ðlife€and€physical€integrity€and€permits€disclosure€reasonably€necessary€to€prevent€reasonablyÏcertain€death€or€substantial€bodily€harm.€€Substantial€bodily€harm€includes€life€threatening€andÏdebilitating€illnesses€and€the€consequences€of€child€sexual€abuse.€€Such€injuries€are€reasonablyÏcertain€to€occur€if€they€will€be€suffered€imminently€or€if€there€is€a€present€and€substantial€threatÏthat€a€person€will€suffer€such€injuries€at€a€later€date€if€the€lawyer€fails€to€take€action€necessary€toÏeliminate€the€threat.€Thus,€a€lawyer€who€knows€that€a€client€has€accidentally€discharged€toxic€Ïwaste€into€a€townððs€water€supply€may€reveal€this€information€to€the€authorities€if€there€is€aÏpresent€and€substantial€risk€that€a€person€who€drinks€the€water€will€contract€a€life„threatening€orÏdebilitating€disease€and€the€lawyerððs€disclosure€is€necessary€to€eliminate€the€threat€or€reduce€theÏnumber€of€victims.€€€€€ò òÐ Ð$€  Ðó ó€€ó óÐ ¼%l! Ðà  àò ò[10]€Several€situations€must€be€distinguished.ó óÐ ¨&X" ÐÌà  àò ò[11]€€First,€the€lawyer€may€not€counsel€or€assist€a€client€in€conduct€that€is€criminal€orÐ €(0!$ Ðfraudulent.€See€Rule€1.2(d).€Similarly,€a€lawyer€has€a€duty€under€Rule€3.3(a)(4)€not€to€use€falseÏevidence.€This€duty€is€essentially€a€special€instance€of€the€duty€prescribed€in€Rule€1.2(d)€to€avoidÏassisting€a€client€in€criminal€or€fraudulent€conduct.Ìó óÌà  àò ò[12]€Second,€the€lawyer€may€have€been€innocently€involved€in€past€conduct€by€the€clientÐ -Ì%) Ðthat€was€criminal€or€fraudulent.€In€such€a€situation€the€lawyer€has€not€violated€Rule€1.2(d),Ïbecause€to€"counsel€or€assist"€criminal€or€fraudulent€conduct€requires€knowing€that€the€conduct€isÐ ô.¤'+ Ðof€that€character.Ìó óÌà  àò ò[13]€Third,€the€lawyer€may€learn€that€a€client€intends€prospective€conduct€that€is€criminalÐ ( Ø Ðand€likely€to€result€in€imminent€death€or€substantial€bodily€harm.€As€stated€in€paragraph€(b)(1),Ïthe€lawyer€has€professional€discretion€to€reveal€information€in€order€to€prevent€suchÏconsequences.€€The€lawyer€may€make€a€disclosure€in€order€to€prevent€homicide€or€serious€bodilyÏinjury€which€the€lawyer€reasonably€believes€is€intended€by€a€client.€€It€is€very€difficult€for€aÏlawyer€to€"know"€when€such€a€heinous€purpose€will€actually€be€carried€out,€for€the€client€mayÏhave€a€change€of€mind.ó óÐ °` ÐÔ‡X§%XXX§%ÔÌò òÔ#†X§%XXX§%]-#Ôà  àò òó ó[15]€€If€the€lawyer's€services€will€be€used€by€the€client€in€materially€furthering€a€course€ofÐ ˆ8  Ðcriminal€or€fraudulent€conduct,€the€lawyer€must€withdraw,€as€stated€in€Rule€1.16(a)(1).ó óò òÐ t$  ÐÌà  àó óò ò[16]€After€withdrawal,€the€lawyer€is€required€to€refrain€from€making€disclosure€of€theÐ Lü  Ðclient's€confidences,€except€as€otherwise€provided€in€Rule€1.6.€€Neither€this€rule,€Rule€1.9(c),€€norÏRule€1.16(d)€prevents€the€lawyer€from€giving€notice€of€the€fact€of€withdrawal,€and€the€lawyerÏmay€also€withdraw€or€disaffirm€any€opinion,€document,€affirmation,€or€the€like.Ìó óÌà  àò ò[11]€ò òó ó[17]ò òó ó€€Paragraph€(b)(2)€is€a€limited€exception€to€òòthe€rule€of€óóconfidentiality€ò òprincipleó óÐ è˜ Ðthat€enables€the€lawyer€to€reveal€information€ò òrelating€to€the€representation€of€a€clientó ó€to€the€extent€Ð Ô„ Ðnecessary€to€prevent€the€client€from€committing€a€crime€or€fraud€that€is€likely€to€result€inÏsubstantial€injury€to€the€financial€or€property€interests€of€another€and€in€furtherance€of€which€theÏclient€has€used€or€is€using€the€lawyerððs€services.€Such€a€serious€abuse€of€the€client„lawyerÏrelationship€by€the€client€forfeits€the€protection€of€this€Rule.ò ò€and€frees€the€lawyer€to€protect€theÐ „4 Ðvictims€of€the€clientððs€misconduct.ó ó€€The€client€can,€of€course,€prevent€such€disclosure€byÐ p  Ðrefraining€from€the€wrongful€conduct..ó ó€€ò òòòAlthough€Paragraph€(B)(2)€does€not€require€that€theÐ \  Ðlawyer€reveal€the€clientððs€misconduct,€the€lawyer€may€not€in€any€œway›€counsel€the€client€toÏengage,€or€assist€the€client,€in€conduct€that€the€lawyer€knows€is€criminal€or€fraudulent.€€See€RuleÏ1.2(d).€€See€also€Rule€1.16€with€respect€to€the€lawyerððs€obligation€or€right€to€withdraw€from€theÏrepresentation€of€the€client€in€such€circumstances.óóó ó€€Where€the€client€is€an€organization,€theÐ  "¼ Ðlawyer€may€be€in€doubt€whether€contemplated€conduct€will€actually€be€carried€out€by€theÏorganizationððs€constituents.€Where€necessary€to€guide€conduct€in€connection€with€this€Rule,€theÏlawyer€may€make€inquiry€within€the€organization€as€indicated€in€Rule€1.13(b).ò ò€€Ð Ð$€  ÐÌœñÚñà  à[12]€Paragraph€(b)(3)€addresses€the€situation€in€which€the€lawyer€does€not€learn€of€theÏclientððs€crime€or€fraud€until€after€it€has€been€consummated€and€the€loss€has€been€suffered€by€theÏvictim.€€Although€the€client€no€longer€has€the€option€of€preventing€disclosure€by€refraining€fromÏthe€wrongful€conduct,€there€will€be€situations€in€which€the€loss€suffered€by€the€œòòaffected€personóóÐ D!” Ðò òvictim›ó ó€can€be€rectified€òòor€substantiallyóó€mitigated.€€In€such€situations,€the€lawyer€may€discloseÐ 0"€  Ðinformation€relating€to€representation€ò òas€isó ó€òòto€the€extentóó€necessary€ò òto€secure€substantial€relief€forÐ #l! Ðthe€victimó ó€to€assist€the€affected€persons€recoup€their€losses.€ò òThis€properly€enables€the€lawyer€toÐ $X" Ðhelp€those€who€have€been€victimized€by€wrongful€conduct€in€which€the€lawyer€was€implicatedÏbecause€of€the€clientððs€abuse€of€the€client„lawyer€relationship.€ó óÐ à%0!$ ÐñÚññÝñ›ñÝññÚñà  à[12]€Paragraph€(b)(3)€addresses€the€situation€in€which€the€lawyer€does€not€learn€of€theÏclientððs€crime€or€fraud€until€after€it€has€been€consummated€and€òòsubstantialóó€loss€has€been€sufferedÐ ”'D # Ðby€the€victim.€€Although€the€client€no€longer€has€the€option€of€preventing€disclosure€by€refrainingÏfrom€the€wrongful€conduct,€there€will€be€situations€in€which€the€€loss€suffered€by€the€òòaffectedÐ l)"% Ðpersonóó€ò òvictimó ó€can€be€rectified€or€mitigated.€€In€such€situations,€the€lawyer€may€discloseÐ X*#& Ðinformation€relating€to€representation€ò òas€isó ó€òòto€the€extentóó€necessary€ò òto€secure€substantial€relief€forÐ D+ô#' Ðthe€victimó ó€to€assist€the€affected€persons€recoup€their€losses.€ò òThis€properly€enables€the€lawyer€toÐ 0,à$( Ðhelp€those€who€have€been€victimized€by€wrongful€conduct€in€which€the€lawyer€was€implicatedÏbecause€of€the€clientððs€abuse€of€the€client„lawyer€relationship.€ó óÐ .¸&* ÐñÚññÝññÚñó óò òñÚññÝñ›Ð ô.¤'+ Ðà  àò ò[13]€A€lawyerððs€services€further€a€clientððs€commission€of€a€crime€or€fraud€if€the€lawyerÐ P Ðrepresents€the€client€in€dealings€with€the€affected€persons€or€the€client€provides€the€affectedÏpersons€with€work€product€prepared€by€the€lawyer.€€A€lawyer€does€not€further€a€clientððs€crime€orÏfraud,€however,€if€the€lawyerððs€participation€in€the€matter€is€limited€to€giving€advice€to€the€clientÏabout€the€legality€of€the€clientððs€conduct.€€€See€Rule€1.2(d).€€Also€see€Rule€1.16€with€respect€toÏthe€lawyerððs€obligation€or€right€to€withdraw€from€the€representation€of€the€client€in€suchÏcircumstances.ó óÐ Ø ˆ ÐÌà  à[14]€œA›€lawyerððs€confidentiality€obligations€do€not€preclude€a€lawyer€from€securing€legalÏadvice€about€the€lawyerððs€personal€responsibility€to€comply€with€these€Rules.€€In€most€situations,Ïdisclosing€information€to€secure€such€advice€will€be€impliedly€authorized€for€the€lawyer€to€carryÏout€the€representation.€€€Even€when€the€disclosure€is€not€impliedly€authorized,€paragraph€(b)(4)Ïpermits€such€disclosure€because€of€the€importance€of€a€lawyerððs€compliance€with€the€Rules€ofÏProfessional€Conduct.€€For€the€protection€of€the€client,€such€disclosures€may€be€made€only€if€theyÏwill€be€protected€by€the€attorney„client€privilege.Ìó óÌò òà  à[15]€œó óò ò[18ó ó]›€€Where€a€legal€claim€or€disciplinary€charge€alleges€complicity€of€the€lawyer€in€aÐ À Ðclient's€conduct€or€other€misconduct€of€the€lawyer€involving€representation€of€the€client,€theÏlawyer€may€respond€to€the€extent€the€lawyer€reasonably€believes€necessary€to€establish€a€defense.ÏThe€same€is€true€with€respect€to€a€claim€involving€the€conduct€or€representation€of€a€formerÏclient.€ò òSuch€a€charge€can€arise€in€a€civil,€criminal€or€professional€disciplinary€proceeding,€andÐ Àp Ðcan€be€based€on€a€wrong€allegedly€committed€by€the€lawyer€against€the€client,€or€on€a€wrongÏalleged€by€a€third€person;€for€example,€a€person€claiming€to€have€been€defrauded€by€the€lawyerÏand€client€acting€together.ó ó€€The€lawyer's€right€to€respond€arises€when€an€assertion€of€suchÐ „4 Ðcomplicity€has€been€made.€Paragraph€(b)ò ò(2)ó óò ò(5)€ó ódoes€not€require€the€lawyer€to€await€theÐ p  Ðcommencement€of€an€action€or€proceeding€that€charges€such€complicity,€so€that€the€defense€mayÏbe€established€by€responding€directly€to€a€third€party€who€has€made€such€an€assertion.€The€rightÏto€defend,€of€course,€applies€where€a€proceeding€has€been€commenced.€Where€practicable€andÏnot€prejudicial€to€the€lawyer's€ability€to€establish€the€defense,€the€lawyer€should€advise€the€clientÏof€the€third€party's€assertion€and€request€that€the€client€respond€appropriately.€In€any€event,Ïdisclosure€should€be€no€greater€than€the€lawyer€reasonably€believes€is€necessary€to€vindicateÏinnocence,€the€disclosure€should€be€made€in€a€manner€which€limits€access€to€the€information€toÏthe€tribunal€or€other€persons€having€a€need€to€know€it,€and€appropriate€protective€orders€or€otherÏarrangements€should€be€sought€by€the€lawyer€to€the€fullest€extent€practicable.ÌÌà  àò ò[16]€ó ó€ò ò[19]ó ó€€ò òIf€the€lawyer€is€charged€with€wrongdoing€in€which€the€client's€conduct€isÐ ”'D # Ðimplicated,€the€rule€of€confidentiality€should€not€prevent€the€lawyer€from€defending€against€theÏcharge.€€Such€a€charge€can€arise€in€a€civil,€criminal€or€professional€disciplinary€proceeding,€andÏcan€be€based€on€a€wrong€allegedly€committed€by€the€lawyer€against€the€client,€or€on€a€wrongÏalleged€by€a€third€person;€for€example,€a€person€claiming€to€have€been€defrauded€by€the€lawyerÏand€client€acting€together.ó ó€A€lawyer€entitled€to€a€fee€is€permitted€by€paragraph€(b)(2)€to€prove€theÐ 0,à$( Ðservices€rendered€in€an€action€to€collect€it.€This€aspect€of€the€rule€expresses€the€principle€that€theÏbeneficiary€of€a€fiduciary€relationship€may€not€exploit€it€to€the€detriment€of€the€fiduciary.€AsÏstated€above,€the€lawyer€must€make€every€effort€practicable€to€avoid€unnecessary€disclosure€ofÐ ô.¤'+ Ðinformation€relating€to€a€representation,€to€limit€disclosure€to€those€having€the€need€to€know€it,Ïand€to€obtain€protective€orders€or€make€other€arrangements€minimizing€the€risk€of€disclosure.ò òÐ <ì Ðó óò òÌà  à[17]€œó óò ò[14]ó óò ò›€Paragraph€(b)€permits€but€does€not€require€the€disclosure€or€use€of€informationÐ  Ä Ðrelating€to€a€œclientððs›€representation€to€accomplish€the€purposes€specified€in€paragraphs€(b)(1)„(5).€ÏIn€exercising€the€discretion€conferred€by€this€Rule,ó ó€ò òThe€lawyer's€exercise€of€discretion€requiresÐ ì œ Ðconsideration€ofó ó€the€lawyer€may€consider€such€factors€as€the€nature€of€the€lawyer's€relationshipÐ Ø ˆ Ðwith€the€client€and€with€those€who€might€be€injured€by€the€client,€the€lawyer's€own€involvementÏin€the€transaction€and€factors€that€may€extenuate€the€conduct€in€question.€Where€practical,€theÏlawyer€should€seek€to€persuade€the€client€to€take€suitable€action.€€In€any€case,€a€disclosureÏadverse€to€the€client's€interest€should€be€no€greater€than€the€lawyer€reasonably€believes€necessaryÏto€the€purpose.€€A€lawyer's€decision€not€to€take€preventive€action€permitted€by€paragraph€(b)€doesÏnot€violate€this€Rule.ÌÓ  Óò òÌDisclosure€Otherwise€Required€or€Authorizedòòó óÐ 8è  ÐÓ}SÓÌà  àóóò ò[18]€ó ó€ò ò[21]ó ó€The€Rules€of€Professional€Conduct€in€various€circumstances€permit€or€require€aÐ À Ðlawyer€to€disclose€information€relating€to€the€representation.€€See€Rules€ò ò2.2,ó ó€2.3,€3.3€and€4.1.€InÐ ü¬ Ðaddition€to€these€provisions,€a€lawyer€may€be€obligated€or€permitted€by€other€provisions€of€law€toÏgive€information€about€a€client.€Whether€another€provision€of€law€supersedes€Rule€1.6€is€a€matterÏof€interpretation€beyond€the€scope€of€these€Rules,€but€a€presumption€should€exist€against€such€aÏsupersession.€ÌÌà  àò ò[19]€ñÚñœñÚñó ó€ò ò[20]ó ó€ò òA€lawyer€must€also€comply€with€lawful€orders€of€a€tribunal,€an€administrativeÐ „4 Ðor€executive€agency,€or€a€legislative€body.ó ó€€ò òThe€attorney-client€privilege€is€differently€defined€inÐ p  Ðvarious€jurisdictions.ó ó€If€a€lawyer€is€called€as€a€witness€to€give€testimony€concerning€a€client,ò ò€or€isÐ \  Ðotherwise€ordered€to€reveal€information€relating€to€the€clientððs€representation,€the€lawyer€must,ó óÐ Hø Ðabsent€ò òwaiver€byó ó€ò òinformed€consent€ofó ó€the€client€to€do€otherwise,€ò òparagraph€(a)€requires€theÐ 4 ä Ðlawyer€to€invoke€the€privilege€when€it€is€applicable.ó ó€ò òassert€on€behalf€of€the€client€all€non„Ð  !Ð Ðfrivolous€claims€that€the€information€sought€is€protected€against€disclosure€by€the€attorney„clientÏprivilege€or€other€applicable€law.€ó ó€ò òòòIn€the€event€of€an€adverse€ruling,€the€lawyer€should€consultÐ ø"¨ Ðwith€the€client€about€the€possibility€of€appealing€the€adverse€ruling..€See€Rule€1.4.€€€Unless€anÏappeal€is€taken,€the€lawyer€must€comply€with€the€order€óóó ó€ò òThe€lawyer€must,ò ò€however,ó ó€comply€withÐ Ð$€  Ðthe€final€order€of€a€court€or€other€tribunal€of€competent€jurisdiction€requiring€the€lawyer€toÏprovide€information€about€the€client.ó óÐ ¨&X" ÐÌò òÓ  Óò òActing€Competently€to€Preserve€Confidentialityó óó óÐ €(0!$ ÐÓŒ[ÓÌò òà  à[20]€ñÚñœñÚñ€A€lawyer€must€act€competently€to€safeguard€information€relating€to€theÐ X*#& Ðrepresentation€of€a€client€against€inadvertent€or€unauthorized€disclosure€by€the€lawyer€or€by€otherÏpersons€who€are€participating€in€the€representation€of€the€client€or€who€are€subject€to€the€lawyerððsÏsupervision.€See€Rules€1.1,€5.1,€and€5.3.€€ó óÐ -Ì%) ÐÌà  àò ò[21]€œWhen›€transmitting€a€communication€that€includes€information€relating€to€theÐ ô.¤'+ Ðrepresentation€of€a€client,€the€lawyer€must€take€reasonable€precautions€to€prevent€the€informationÏfrom€coming€into€the€hands€of€unintended€recipients.€€This€duty,€however,€does€not€require€thatÏthe€lawyer€utilize€special€security€measures€if€the€method€of€communication€affords€a€reasonableÏexpectation€of€privacy.€€Special€circumstances,€however,€may€warrant€special€precautions.ÏFactors€to€be€considered€in€determining€the€reasonableness€of€the€lawyerððs€expectation€ofÏconfidentiality€include€the€sensitivity€of€the€information€and€the€extent€to€which€theó ó€ò òprivacy€ofÐ ì œ Ðthe€communication€is€protected€by€law€or€by€a€confidentiality€agreement.€€A€client€may€requireÏthe€lawyer€to€implement€special€security€measures€not€required€by€this€Rule€or€may€giveÏinformed€consent€to€the€use€of€a€means€of€communication€that€would€otherwise€be€prohibited€byÏthis€Rule.€€€€ÌœÐ  ˆ8  Ðó ó›Ó  Óò ò€Former€Clientsó óò òÐ P ÐÌÓ‹aÓÓA†XÐXdXÐXdBAÓ‚ó óÓ=‡§%XÐXdXÐXd=ÓØ Øà  à[22]€œThe›€duty€of€confidentiality€continues€after€the€client„lawyer€relationship€has€beenÐ ( Ø Ðterminated.ò ò€ò òòòó óThus,€Rule€1.6(a)€prohibits€the€disclosure€of€information€relating€to€theÐ  Ä Ðrepresentation€of€a€former€client.€€See€Rule€1.9(c)€for€the€prohibition€against€using€suchÏinformation€to€the€disadvantage€of€the€former€client.ò òóóó óÐ  ð   ÐØ WbØÓA†XÐXdXÐXdbAÓÒH°ÒñÚñœñÚñÑüàÑÑÀ°ÑÒH°ÒÓ  ÓReporterððs€Observationsó óÐ ` ÐÓ dÓò òÌÓ  ÓA.€Rule€Text€ÌÌÓòdÓà   àó óThe€text€was€approved€by€the€Commission€in€Philadelphia.Ð  ° Ðò òÌÔ‡X§%XXX§%ÔÓ  ÓB.€Comments€Ð è ˆ ÐÓœeÓÌó óà   àExcept€as€noted€below,€the€Comments€were€approved€by€the€Commission€in€Philadelphia.Ð À ` Ðò òÌComment€[10]:€ð ðPrevent€reasonably€certain€death€or€substantial€bodily€harm€Ìó óà   àÌà   àAfter€considerable€discussion,€the€Commission€left€to€the€Reporterððs€discretion€whether€to€includeÏthe€toxic€discharge€example€in€Comment€[10].€€We€have€left€the€example€in€the€Comment€because€itÏbrings€into€sharp€focus€the€significance€of€the€Commissionððs€decision€to€permit€disclosure€to€preventÏð ðreasonably€certainðð€death€or€substantial€bodily€harm.€€€Ô#†X§%XXX§%}e#ÔÐ 4Ô  ÐÌò òComment€[11]:€Disclosure€to€Prevent€Client€Crimes€Resulting€in€Substantial€Financial€Lossó óÐ  ¬ ÐÌà   àIn€response€to€suggestions€made€in€Philadelphia,€the€Reporter€has€deleted€the€reference€to€theÏlawyer€being€ð ðfreed€to€protect€to€the€victims€of€the€clientððs€misconduct.ðð€œ€As€requested,€I›€have€also€addedÏthe€cross„reference€to€Rules€1.2(d)€and€1.16.ÌÌò òComment€[12]:€Rectification€and€Mitigation€of€Substantial€Financial€Loss.€Ð ”4 Ðó óÌà   à€€The€changes€are€intended€to€eliminate€some€unnecessary€hyperbole€in€the€statement€œñÛñ€ñÛñof›€theÏrationale€for€the€exception€in€paragraph€œ(b)(3).ñÜñ€€€I€added€the€reference€to€ð ðsubstantial€mitigationðð€to€makeÏthe€point€that€disclosure€is€permitted€only€if€the€lawyer€reasonably€believes€that€the€recovery€by€theÏaffected€persons€will€be€substantial.€ñÜñò òñÜñ€ñÜñ›Ð Xø ÐÌDeletion€of€Comment€[13]€from€Draft€No.€6ó ó:€Ð 0 Ð ÐÌà   àIn€Philadelphia,€the€Commission€voted€to€delete€œComment›€[13]€œthat€was€included€in›€Draft€No.€6.ÏThe€Comment€provided€two€examples€of€ways€in€which€a€client€may€use€a€lawyerððs€services€in€connectionÏwith€the€commission€of€a€crime€or€fraud.€€This€issue€will€be€revisited€in€connection€with€our€discussion€ofÏRule€1.2(d)ððs€prohibition€against€assisting€a€client€œñÖññÓñinñÓññÖññ×ñtoñ×ñ€engagñÔñeñÔññØññÕñingñÕññØññÙñeñÙñ›€in€conduct€the€lawyer€knows€to€be€criminal€orÏfraudulent.€€€œUpon€final€approval€of€this€deletion,€the€remaining›€Comments€have€been€renumbered.Ìò òÌComment€œ[19]:›€Disclosure€Mandated€by€Order€of€Tribunaló ó€Ð ”'4!$ Ðà   àÌà   àComment€[18]€has€been€revised€in€response€to€the€Commissionððs€concern€about€the€reference€toÏthe€lawyerððs€obligation€to€obey€a€œð ðfinalðð›€order€of€a€tribunal.Ìà   àò òÌComment€œ[22]:›€Confidentiality€After€Termination€of€Representation€Ìó óà   àÌà   àThe€Reporter€recommends€œa€slight€modification€of€Model›€Rule€Comment€œ[22]€to€account€for€theÏnew€reference€in€the€Rule€text€to€former€clients.€›€€€Ì