ÿWPCÆ Åo]¥sø]y7š¿ÛTûû"<(;e˜¶-|9;Gú*¾êí ®. X4i¾Þnp ýÖaôÏÃeý:ÿ6.Ç#šÝ'$F50ˆ•l0@C±먺Š”sá/ L2cÅЊ_÷`3S£. /¶NЛÛè&pl!o(³GU-[Àú¶ÈŠÄ5)^ÝWL¶¥ü§ÃÝjî{¿ƒ øá&ž±~§ÞÊüµùÐȦʅo$½ãRè!tfÔJ²5Ã;‡¢±¹mc‘NÇ…OäŒÿôfMýGü -“ð·ÕÊ ë*IC@SÜ^_ZÃ}~ý²A÷4P›9•ŸWjXŽi*J?‘DŸÍëá×  ¢Üz—Y?}zýH† ¿ùEiÑÎq=4ób,¾ìN6>éǘt¡"D¾ä–=AÒàt!` {ƒÅ‡mT‰¬Œš²˜ä‚º†gC"®bÜ–ª1nä@b-C‹ÕˆèÝo ¿/­`aΨ¢¿ÕV)—zJ(‹m»s•hé ¶ò]·]; ãG©¢*]—8r›A3ëF Ñ‹äÔ÷Ÿb[ltž-ð´Öbt­áëágjõ‘Áÿ•~? ±ªMØϦ±Õß—>7PæÓ.ûD[L)áðÙ # ¶UNÁ % 0(UN=U@‹UBËw@ 4MaUNp¾˜\\ARISTOTLE\541_14_CPR02_HP5SI_PSWINSPOOLÆÜÜÎÎÜÆÜ0 (uHš Z ‹6Times New Roman RegularX($¡¡(ÈhH  Z 6Times New Roman Regular*Ͼ¦ `(CG TimesScalableô\  `*Times New RomanTT º[»E¼½E¾E¿ÀEÁÂEÃõ†t%@1dÿÿ3|xÃ(ÈhH  Z6Times New Roman RegularÝ ƒ!ÝÝ  Ý›Ó  ÓÑ7€¾ÉXXdìdÈ7Ñò òÔ‡ X¾ÉXXXÔEthics€2000€CommissionÌProposed€Rule€1.6€„€Public€Discussion€DraftÌMarch€œñÂñXñÂññÃñ23ñÃñ,›€1999ó óÐ ˆØ ÐÌÓÓMaterial€added€to€the€current€Model€Rule€has€been€òòunderlinedóó;€deletions€from€the€current€ModelÐ `° ÐRule€have€been€ò òstruck€throughó ó.Ô#†X¾ÉXX X¾Éb#ÔÔ‡X¾ÉXXX¾ÉÔÐ L œ Ðà@ìì*ìàˆÌÓ  ÓCONFIDENTIALITY€OF€INFORMATIONÌÓÓÔ#†X¾ÉXXX¾ÉÒ#ÔÔ‡X¾ÉXXX¾ÉÔò òÌÔ#†X¾ÉXXX¾Éx#ÔÓ=‡¾ÉÐXdÐd=Óó óÔ‡X¾ÉXXX¾ÉÔà  à(a)€à ` àA€lawyer€shall€not€reveal€information€relating€to€the€representation€of€a€client€òòor€aÐ ü L  Ðformer€clientóó€unless€the€client€ò òconsents€after€consultation,€except€for€disclosures€that€œareó óÔ#†X¾ÉXXX¾Éþ#ÔÔ‡X¾ÉXXX¾ÉÔ›€œòògives›Ð è 8  Ðinformed€consent,€the€disclosure€œisó󛀜impliedly›€authorized€in€order€to€carry€out€the€representation,Ð Ô$  Ðò òand€except€as€stated€inó óÔ#†X¾ÉXXX¾É/#ÔÔ‡X¾ÉXXX¾ÉÔ€òòor€the€disclosure€is€permitted€byóó€paragraph€(b)€òòor€required€by€paragraphÐ À  Ð(c)óó.Ð ¬ü  ÐÌà  à(b)à ` àA€lawyer€may€reveal€ò òsuchó ó€information€òòrelating€to€the€representation€of€a€client€orÐ „Ô  Ða€former€clientóó€to€the€extent€the€lawyer€reasonably€believes€necessary:Ð pÀ ÐÌÒ°Òà ` à(1)à ¸ àto€prevent€Ô#†X¾ÉXXX¾É-#ÔÔ‡X¾ÉXXX¾ÉÔò òthe€client€from€committing€a€criminal€act€that€the€lawyerÐ H˜ Ðbelieves€is€likely€to€result€in€imminentÔ#†X¾ÉXXX¾É#ÔÔ‡X¾ÉXXX¾ÉÔó ó€òòreasonably€certainóó€death€or€substantial€bodilyÐ 4„ Ðharm;ÌÌÒ°Òò òà ` àòòó ó(2)à ¸ àto€prevent€the€client€from€committing€a€crime€or€fraud€that€is€likelyÐ øH Ðto€result€in€substantial€injury€to€the€financial€interests€or€property€of€another€and€inÏfurtherance€of€which€the€client€has€used€or€is€using€the€lawyerððs€œservices;›ÌÌà ` à(3)à ¸ àto€rectify€or€mitigate€substantial€injury€to€the€financial€interests€orÐ ¨ø Ðproperty€of€another€resulting€from€the€clientððs€commission€of€a€crime€or€fraud€inÏfurtherance€of€which€the€client€has€used€the€lawyerððs€services;ÌÒ°@ÒÌà ` à(4)à ¸ àto€secure€legal€advice€about€the€lawyerððs€compliance€with€these€Rules;óó€orÐ X ¨ ÐÒ7 °ÒÌÒ° Òà ` àò ò(2)ó ó€òò(5)óóà ¸ àto€establish€a€claim€or€defense€on€behalf€of€the€lawyer€in€a€controversyÐ 0"€  Ðbetween€the€lawyer€and€the€client,€to€establish€a€defense€to€a€criminal€charge€or€civilÏclaim€against€the€lawyer€based€upon€conduct€in€which€the€client€was€involved,€or€toÏrespond€to€allegations€in€any€proceeding€concerning€the€lawyerððs€representation€of€theÏclient.€ÌÒ°»ÒÌò òà  àòòó ó(c)à ` àA€lawyer€shall€reveal€information€relating€to€the€representation€of€a€client€or€aÐ ¸'#& Ðformer€client€to€the€extent€required€by€law€or€court€order€or€when€necessary€to€comply€with€theseÏRules.ò òóóÐ )à$( Ðó óÓ  Óò òÌÓ÷ ÓÓ  ÓÐ h+¸&* ÐÓÓñºñó óñºñCommentñºñò òñºñÌÓ  ÓÌó óÓjÓà  àò ò[1]ó óà ` àò òThe€lawyer€is€part€of€a€judicial€system€charged€with€upholding€the€law.€One€of€theÐ ˆØ Ðlawyer's€functions€is€to€advise€clients€so€that€they€avoid€any€violation€of€the€law€in€the€properÏexercise€of€their€rights.ÌÌó óà  àò ò[2]ó óà ` àò òThe€observance€of€the€ethical€obligation€of€a€lawyer€to€hold€inviolate€confidentialÐ 8 ˆ Ðinformation€of€the€client€not€only€facilitates€the€full€development€of€facts€essential€to€properÏrepresentation€of€the€client€but€also€encourages€people€to€seek€early€legal€assistance.ó óÐ  ` Ðò òÌó óà  àò ò[3]ó óà ` àò òAlmost€without€exception,€clients€come€to€lawyers€in€order€to€determine€whatÐ è 8  Ðtheir€rights€are€and€what€is,€in€the€maze€of€laws€and€regulations,€deemed€to€be€legal€and€correct.ÏThe€common€law€recognizes€that€the€clientððs€confidences€must€be€protected€from€disclosure.ÏBased€upon€experience,€lawyers€know€that€almost€all€clients€follow€the€advice€given,€and€the€lawÏis€upheld.ÌÌó óòòà  à[1]à ` àThis€Rule€governs€the€disclosure€by€a€lawyer€of€information€relating€to€theÐ pÀ Ðrepresentation€of€a€client€both€during€and€after€the€lawyerððs€representation€of€the€client.€€SeeÏRules€1.8(b)€and€1.9(c)€with€respect€to€the€use€of€such€information€to€the€disadvantage€of€clientsÏand€former€clients.Ô#†X¾ÉXXX¾ÉÍ#ÔÔ‡X¾ÉXXX¾ÉÔóóÐ 4„ ÐÌà  àò ò[4]ó ó€òò[2]óó€€A€fundamental€principle€in€the€client-lawyer€relationship€is€thatòò,€in€the€absence€ofÐ  \ Ðthe€clientððs€informed€consent,óó€the€lawyer€ò òmaintain€confidentiality€ofó ó€òòmust€not€revealóó€informationÐ øH Ðrelating€to€the€œrepresentation.›€œòòThis›€contributes€to€the€trust€that€is€the€hallmark€of€the€client„lawyerÐ ä4 Ðrelationship.óó€The€client€is€thereby€encouraged€òòto€seek€legal€assistance€andóó€to€communicate€fullyÐ Ð  Ðand€frankly€with€the€lawyer€even€as€to€embarrassing€or€legally€damaging€subject€matter.€òòTheÐ ¼  Ðlawyer€needs€this€information€to€œñ»ñeffectively€ñ»ñrepresent›€the€client€œñ¼ñeffectively€ñ¼ñand,›€if€necessary,€to€advise€theÏclient€to€refrain€from€wrongful€conduct.€Almost€without€exception,€clients€come€to€lawyers€inÏorder€to€œdetermineñ¾ñ€ñ¾ññÃñ›ñÃññ¿ñ€ñ¿ññ¿ñ›ñ¿ññ¾ñwhat€ñ¾ñtheir›€rights€œñ½ñare€ñ½ñand›€what€is,€in€the€complexò ò€ó óof€laws€and€regulations,€deemed€to€beÐ €Ð Ðlegal€and€correctÔ#†X¾ÉXXX¾É)#ÔÔ‡X¾ÉXXX¾ÉÔ.€Based€upon€experience,€lawyers€know€that€almost€all€clients€follow€the€adviceÐ l¼ Ðgiven,€and€the€law€is€upheld.óóÔ#†X¾ÉXXX¾ÉË#ÔÔ‡X¾ÉXXX¾ÉÔÐ X ¨ ÐÌà  àò ò[5]ó ó€òò[3]óóà ` àThe€principle€of€œòòclient„lawyeróó›€confidentiality€is€given€effect€ò òin€twoó ó€òòbyóó€relatedÐ 0"€  Ðbodies€of€law,€the€attorney-client€privilegeòò,óó€ò ò(which€includesó ó€the€work€product€doctrineò ò)€in€the€lawÐ #l! Ðof€evidenceó óòò,óó€and€the€rule€of€confidentiality€established€in€professional€ethics.€The€attorney-clientÐ $X" Ðprivilege€applies€in€judicial€and€other€proceedings€in€which€a€lawyer€may€be€called€as€a€witnessÏor€otherwise€required€to€produce€evidence€concerning€a€client.€The€rule€of€client-lawyerÏconfidentiality€applies€in€situations€other€than€those€where€evidence€is€sought€from€the€lawyerÏthrough€compulsion€of€law.€The€confidentiality€ruleòò,€for€example,óó€applies€not€ò òmerelyó ó€òòonlyóó€toÐ ¸'#& Ðmatters€communicated€in€confidence€by€the€client€but€also€to€all€information€relating€to€theÏrepresentation,€whatever€its€source.€A€lawyer€may€not€disclose€such€information€except€asÏauthorized€or€required€by€the€Rules€of€Professional€Conduct€or€other€law.€See€also€Scope.€€ò òÐ |*Ì%) ÐÐ h+¸&* Ðó óà  àò ò[6]ó óà ` àò òThe€requirement€of€maintaining€confidentiality€of€information€relating€toÐ ° Ðrepresentation€applies€to€government€lawyers€who€may€disagree€with€the€policy€goals€that€theirÏrepresentation€is€designed€to€advance.Ìó óò òÌà  àòòó ó[4]à ` àParagraph€(a)€prohibits€a€lawyer€from€revealing€information€relating€to€theÐ `° Ðrepresentation€of€a€client.€This€prohibition€also€applies€to€disclosures€by€a€lawyer€that€do€not€inÏthemselves€reveal€protected€information€but€could€reasonably€lead€to€the€discovery€of€suchÏinformation€by€a€third€person.€A€lawyerððs€use€of€hypotheticals€to€discuss€issues€relating€to€theÏrepresentation€is€permissible€so€long€as€there€is€no€reasonable€likelihood€that€the€listener€will€beÏable€to€ascertain€the€identity€of€the€client€or€the€situation€involved.ò òóóÐ ü L  ÐÌó óò òAuthorized€Disclosureó óò òÐ Ô$  Ðó óÌà  àò ò[7]ó ó€òò[5]à ` àÔ#†X¾ÉXXX¾É‘#ÔÔ‡X¾ÉXXX¾ÉÔóóò òAó ó€òòExcept€to€the€extent€that€the€client's€instructions€or€special€circumstances€limitÐ ¬ü  Ðthat€authority,Ô#†X¾ÉXXX¾ÉR"#ÔÔ‡X¾ÉXXX¾ÉÔ€aóóÔ#†X¾ÉXXX¾É##ÔÔ‡X¾ÉXXX¾ÉÔ€lawyer€is€impliedly€authorized€to€make€disclosures€about€a€client€whenÐ ˜è  Ðappropriate€in€carrying€out€the€representationò ò,€except€to€the€extent€that€the€client's€instructions€orÐ „Ô  Ðspecial€circumstances€limit€that€authorityó ó.Ô#†X¾ÉXXX¾É_##ÔÔ‡X¾ÉXXX¾ÉÔ€In€ò òlitigationó ó€òòsomeÔ#†X¾ÉXXX¾É©$#ÔÔ‡X¾ÉXXX¾ÉÔ€situationsóóÔ#†X¾ÉXXX¾É%#ÔÔ‡X¾ÉXXX¾ÉÔ,€for€example,€a€lawyerÐ pÀ Ðmay€ò òdisclose€information€by€œadmittingó óÔ#†X¾ÉXXX¾ÉW%#ÔÔ‡X¾ÉXXX¾ÉÔ›€œòòbe›€impliedly€authorized€to€Ô#†X¾ÉXXX¾Éñ%#ÔÔ‡X¾ÉXXX¾ÉÔadmitóó€a€fact€that€cannotÐ \¬ Ðproperly€be€disputed€orò ò,€in€negotiation€by€makingó ó€òòto€makeóó€a€disclosure€that€facilitates€aÐ H˜ Ðsatisfactory€conclusion€òòto€a€œmatteróó.Ô#†X¾ÉXXX¾ÉU&#ÔÔ‡X¾ÉXXX¾ÉÔ›€œò ò[8]ó 󛀀Lawyers€in€a€firm€may,€in€the€course€of€the€firm'sÐ 4„ Ðpractice,€disclose€to€each€other€information€relating€to€a€client€of€the€firm,€unless€the€client€hasÏinstructed€that€particular€information€be€confined€to€specified€lawyers.Ô#†X¾ÉXXX¾Él'#ÔÔ‡X¾ÉXXX¾ÉÔÐ  \ ÐÌÔ#†X¾ÉXXX¾É±(#ÔÔ‡X¾ÉXXX¾ÉÔò òDisclosure€Adverse€to€Client€òòó óÐ ä4 Ðóóò òÔ#†X¾ÉXXX¾É )#ÔÔ‡X¾ÉXXX¾ÉÔÌà  àò òó ó[9]ó ó€òò[6]à ` àóóò òTheó ó€òòAlthough€the€public€interest€is€usually€best€served€by€a€strict€rule€requiringÐ ¼  Ðlawyers€to€preserve€the€confidentiality€of€information€relating€to€the€representation€of€theirÏclients,€theóó€confidentiality€rule€is€subject€to€limited€exceptions.€ò òIn€becoming€privy€to€informationÐ ”ä Ðabout€a€client,€a€lawyer€may€foresee€that€the€client€intends€serious€harm€to€another€person.€ÏHowever,€to€the€extent€a€lawyer€is€required€or€permitted€to€disclose€a€client's€purposes,€the€clientÏwill€be€inhibited€from€revealing€facts€which€would€enable€the€lawyer€to€counsel€against€aÏwrongful€course€of€action.€The€public€is€better€protected€if€full€and€open€communication€by€theÏclient€is€encouraged€than€if€it€is€inhibited.ó ó€Ô#†X¾ÉXXX¾ÉŒ)#ÔÔ‡X¾ÉXXX¾ÉÔòòParagraph€(b)(1)€recognizes€the€overriding€value€of€lifeÐ 0"€  Ðand€physical€integrity€and€permits€disclosure€reasonably€necessary€to€prevent€reasonably€certainÏdeath€or€substantial€bodily€harm.€Substantial€bodily€harm€includes€life„threatening€or€debilitatingÏinjuries€and€illnesses€and€the€consequences€of€child€sexual€abuse.€Such€harm€is€reasonablyÏcertain€to€occur€if€it€will€be€suffered€imminently€or€if€there€is€a€present€and€substantial€threat€thatÏa€person€will€suffer€such€harm€at€a€later€date€if€the€lawyer€fails€to€take€action€necessary€toÏeliminate€the€threat.€Thus,€a€lawyer€who€knows€that€a€client€has€accidentally€discharged€toxicÏwaste€into€a€townððs€water€supply€may€reveal€this€information€to€the€authorities€if€there€is€aÏpresent€and€substantial€risk€that€a€person€who€drinks€the€water€will€contract€a€life„threatening€orÏdebilitating€disease€and€the€lawyerððs€disclosure€is€necessary€to€eliminate€the€threat€or€reduce€theÏnumber€of€victims.óóò òò òÐ h+¸&* Ðó ó€€ó óà  àò ò[10]ó óà ` àò òSeveral€situations€must€be€distinguished.ó óÐ ° ÐÌà  àò ò[11]ó óà ` àò òFirst,€the€lawyer€may€not€counsel€or€assist€a€client€in€conduct€that€is€criminal€orÐ ŒÜ Ðfraudulent.€See€Rule€1.2(d).€Similarly,€a€lawyer€has€a€duty€under€Rule€3.3(a)(4)€not€to€use€falseÏevidence.€This€duty€is€essentially€a€special€instance€of€the€duty€prescribed€in€Rule€1.2(d)€to€avoidÏassisting€a€client€in€criminal€or€fraudulent€conduct.Ìó óÌà  àò ò[12]ó óà ` àò òSecond,€the€lawyer€may€have€been€innocently€involved€in€past€conduct€by€theÐ ( x Ðclient€that€was€criminal€or€fraudulent.€In€such€a€situation€the€lawyer€has€not€violated€Rule€1.2(d),Ïbecause€to€"counsel€or€assist"€criminal€or€fraudulent€conduct€requires€knowing€that€the€conduct€isÏof€that€character.Ìó óÌà  àò ò[13]ó óà ` àò òThird,€the€lawyer€may€learn€that€a€client€intends€prospective€conduct€that€isÐ Ä  Ðcriminal€and€likely€to€result€in€imminent€death€or€substantial€bodily€harm.€As€stated€in€paragraphÏ(b)(1),€the€lawyer€has€professional€discretion€to€reveal€information€in€order€to€prevent€suchÏconsequences.€The€lawyer€may€make€a€disclosure€in€order€to€prevent€homicide€or€serious€bodilyÏinjury€which€the€lawyer€reasonably€believes€is€intended€by€a€client.€It€is€very€difficult€for€a€lawyerÏto€"know"€when€such€a€heinous€purpose€will€actually€be€carried€out,€for€the€client€may€have€aÏchange€of€mind.ó óÐ Lœ ÐÔ#†X¾ÉXXX¾Éù,#Ôò òÔ‡X¾ÉXXX¾ÉÔÌó óà  àò ò[14]ó óà ` àò òThe€lawyerððs€exercise€of€discretion€requires€consideration€of€such€factors€as€theÐ $t Ðnature€of€the€lawyerððs€relationship€with€the€client€and€with€those€who€might€be€injured€by€theÏclient,€the€lawyerððs€own€involvement€in€the€transaction€and€factors€that€may€extenuate€theÏconduct€in€question.€Where€practical,€the€lawyer€should€seek€to€persuade€the€client€to€takeÏsuitable€action.€In€any€case,€a€disclosure€adverse€to€the€clientððs€interest€should€be€no€greater€thanÏthe€lawyer€reasonably€believes€necessary€to€the€purpose.€A€lawyerððs€decision€not€to€takeÏpreventive€action€permitted€by€paragraph€(b)(1)€does€not€violate€this€Rule.Ìò òó óÌò òò òó óWithdrawalò òó óÐ „Ô Ðó óÌà  àò òó ó[15]ó óà ` àò òIf€the€lawyer's€services€will€be€used€by€the€client€in€materially€furthering€a€courseÐ \ ¬ Ðof€criminal€or€fraudulent€conduct,€the€lawyer€must€withdraw,€as€stated€in€Rule€1.16(a)(1).ó óò òÐ H!˜ ÐÌà  àó óò ò[16]ó óà ` àò òAfter€withdrawal€the€lawyer€is€required€to€refrain€from€making€disclosure€of€theÐ  #p! Ðclient's€confidences,€except€as€otherwise€provided€in€Rule€1.6.€Neither€this€rule€nor€Rule€1.8(b)Ïnor€Rule€1.16(d)€prevents€the€lawyer€from€giving€notice€of€the€fact€of€withdrawal,€and€the€lawyerÏmay€also€withdraw€or€disaffirm€any€opinion,€document,€affirmation,€or€the€like.Ìó óÌà  àœò ò[17]ó 󛀜òò[7]ó󛀀œòòParagraph›€(b)(2)€is€a€limited€exception€to€the€rule€of€confidentiality€that€enablesÐ ¼' #& Ðthe€lawyer€to€reveal€information€to€the€extent€necessary€to€prevent€the€client€from€committing€aÏcrime€or€fraud€that€is€likely€to€result€in€substantial€injury€to€the€financial€or€property€interests€ofÏanother€and€in€furtherance€of€which€the€client€has€used€or€is€using€the€lawyerððs€services.€Such€aÏserious€abuse€of€the€client„lawyer€relationship€by€the€client€forfeits€the€protection€of€this€œRule.›Ð l+¼&* ÐThe€client€can,€of€course,€prevent€such€disclosure€by€refraining€from€the€wrongful€œconduct.›ÏAlthough€paragraph€(b)(2)€does€not€require€the€lawyer€to€reveal€the€clientððs€misconduct,€theÏlawyer€may€not€counsel€or€assist€the€client€in€conduct€the€lawyer€knows€is€criminal€or€fraudulent.€ÏSee€Rule€1.2(d).€See€also€Rule€1.16€with€respect€to€the€lawyerððs€obligation€or€right€to€withdrawÏfrom€the€representation€of€the€client€in€such€circumstances.óó€Where€the€client€is€an€organization,Ð `° Ðthe€lawyer€may€be€in€doubt€whether€contemplated€conduct€will€actually€be€carried€out€by€theÏorganization.€Where€necessary€to€guide€conduct€in€connection€with€this€Rule,€the€lawyer€mayÏmake€inquiry€within€the€organization€as€indicated€in€Rule€1.13(b).ÌÌò òà  àó óòò[8]à ` àParagraph€(b)(3)€addresses€the€situation€in€which€the€lawyer€does€not€learn€of€theÐ ü L  Ðclientððs€crime€or€fraud€until€after€it€has€been€consummated€and€substantial€loss€has€been€sufferedÏby€the€victim.€Although€the€client€no€longer€has€the€option€of€preventing€disclosure€by€refrainingÏfrom€the€wrongful€conduct,€there€will€be€situations€in€which€the€loss€suffered€by€the€affectedÏperson€can€be€rectified€or€mitigated.€In€such€situations,€the€lawyer€may€disclose€informationÏrelating€to€the€representation€to€the€extent€necessary€to€enable€the€affected€persons€to€attempt€toÏrecoup€their€losses.Ìà  àÔ#†X¾ÉXXX¾É#7#ÔÔ‡X¾ÉXXX¾ÉÔÌà  à[9]à ` àA€lawyerððs€confidentiality€obligations€do€not€preclude€a€lawyer€from€securingÐ \¬ Ðconfidential€legal€advice€about€the€lawyerððs€personal€responsibility€to€comply€with€these€Rules.€ÏIn€most€situations,€disclosing€information€to€secure€such€advice€will€be€impliedly€authorized€forÏthe€lawyer€to€carry€out€the€representation.€Even€when€the€disclosure€is€not€impliedly€authorized,Ïparagraph€(b)(4)€permits€such€disclosure€because€of€the€importance€of€a€lawyerððs€complianceÏwith€the€Rules€of€Professional€Conduct.óóò òò òÐ øH Ðó óó óÌò òò òDispute€Concerning€a€Lawyerððs€Conductó óó óÐ Ð  ÐÌà  àœò ò[18]ó 󛀜òò[10]ó󛀀Where€a€legal€claim€or€disciplinary€charge€alleges€complicity€of€the€lawyer€in€aÐ ¨ø Ðclient's€conduct€or€other€misconduct€of€the€lawyer€involving€representation€of€the€client,€theÏlawyer€may€respond€to€the€extent€the€lawyer€reasonably€believes€necessary€to€establish€a€defense.ÏThe€same€is€true€with€respect€to€a€claim€involving€the€conduct€or€representation€of€a€formerÏclient.€òòSuch€a€charge€can€arise€in€a€civil,€criminal,€or€professional€disciplinary€proceeding€andÐ X ¨ Ðcan€be€based€on€a€wrong€allegedly€committed€by€the€lawyer€against€the€client€or€on€a€wrongÏalleged€by€a€third€person;€for€example,€a€person€claiming€to€have€been€defrauded€by€the€lawyerÏand€client€acting€together.óó€The€lawyer's€right€to€respond€arises€when€an€assertion€of€suchÐ #l! Ðcomplicity€has€been€made.€Paragraph€œ(b)ò ò(2)ó óòò(5)ó󛀜does›€not€require€the€lawyer€to€await€theÐ $X" Ðcommencement€of€an€action€or€proceeding€that€charges€such€complicity,€so€that€the€defense€mayÏbe€established€by€responding€directly€to€a€third€party€who€has€made€such€an€assertion.€The€rightÏto€defend,€of€course,€applies€where€a€proceeding€has€been€commenced.€ò òWhere€practicable€andÐ Ì&"% Ðnot€prejudicial€to€the€lawyer's€ability€to€establish€the€defense,€the€lawyer€should€advise€the€clientÏof€the€third€party's€assertion€and€request€that€the€client€respond€appropriately.€In€any€event,Ïdisclosure€should€be€no€greater€than€the€lawyer€reasonably€believes€is€necessary€to€vindicateÏinnocence,€the€disclosure€should€be€made€in€a€manner€which€limits€access€to€the€information€toÏthe€tribunal€or€other€persons€having€a€need€to€know€it,€and€appropriate€protective€orders€or€otherÐ h+¸&* Ðarrangements€should€be€sought€by€the€lawyer€to€the€fullest€extent€practicable.ó óÐ ° ÐÌà  àò ò[19]ó ó€òò[11]óó€€ò òIf€the€lawyer€is€charged€with€wrongdoing€in€which€the€client's€conduct€isÐ ˆØ Ðimplicated,€the€rule€of€confidentiality€should€not€prevent€the€lawyer€from€defending€against€theÏcharge.€Such€a€charge€can€arise€in€a€civil,€criminal€or€professional€disciplinary€proceeding,€andÏcan€be€based€on€a€wrong€allegedly€committed€by€the€lawyer€against€the€client,€or€on€a€wrongÏalleged€by€a€third€person;€for€example,€a€person€claiming€to€have€been€defrauded€by€the€lawyerÏand€client€acting€together.ó ó€A€lawyer€entitled€to€a€fee€is€permitted€by€paragraph€(b)ò ò(2)ó óòò(5Ô#†X¾ÉXXX¾ÉÖD#ÔÔ‡X¾ÉXXX¾ÉÔ)óó€to€proveÐ $ t Ðthe€services€rendered€in€an€action€to€collect€it.€This€aspect€of€the€œRule›€expresses€the€principle€thatÏthe€beneficiary€of€a€fiduciary€relationship€may€not€exploit€it€to€the€detriment€of€the€fiduciary.€ò òAsÐ ü L  Ðstated€above,€the€lawyer€must€make€every€effort€practicable€to€avoid€unnecessary€disclosure€ofÏinformation€relating€to€a€representation,€to€limit€disclosure€to€those€having€the€need€to€know€it,Ïand€to€obtain€protective€orders€or€make€other€arrangements€minimizing€the€risk€of€disclosure.Ìó óò òÌòòà  àó ó[12]à ` àParagraph€(b)€permits€disclosure€only€to€the€extent€the€lawyer€reasonably€believesÐ ˜è  Ðthe€disclosure€is€necessary€to€accomplish€one€of€the€purposes€specified.€Where€practicable,€theÏlawyer€should€first€seek€to€persuade€the€client€to€take€suitable€action.€In€any€case,€a€disclosureÏadverse€to€the€client's€interest€should€be€no€greater€than€the€lawyer€reasonably€believes€necessaryÏto€accomplish€the€purpose.€If€the€disclosure€will€be€made€in€connection€with€a€judicialÏproceeding,€Ô#†X¾ÉXXX¾ÉzQ#ÔÔ‡X¾ÉXXX¾ÉÔthe€disclosure€should€be€made€in€a€manner€that€limits€access€to€the€information€to€theÐ 4„ Ðtribunal€or€other€persons€having€a€need€to€know€it€and€appropriate€protective€orders€or€otherÏarrangements€should€be€sought€by€the€lawyer€to€the€fullest€extent€practicable.óóÐ  \ ÐÔ#†X¾ÉXXX¾ÉþU#ÔÔ‡X¾ÉXXX¾ÉÔò òÌà  àó óòò[13]à ` àParagraph€(b)€permits€but€does€not€require€the€disclosure€of€information€relatingÐ ä4 Ðto€a€clientððs€representation€to€accomplish€the€purposes€specified€in€paragraphs€(b)(1)€„€(5).€InÏexercising€the€discretion€conferred€by€this€Rule,€the€lawyer€may€consider€such€factors€as€theÏnature€of€the€lawyer's€relationship€with€the€client€and€with€those€who€might€be€injured€by€theÏclient,€the€lawyer's€own€involvement€in€the€transaction,€and€factors€that€may€extenuate€theÏconduct€in€question.€A€lawyer's€decision€not€to€disclose€as€permitted€by€paragraph€(b)€does€notÏviolate€this€Rule.ÌóóÓ  Óò òÌÓ ZÓDisclosure€Otherwise€Required€or€Authorizedòòó óÐ D!” ÐÌóóà  àò ò[20]ó óà ` àò òThe€attorney„client€privilege€is€differently€defined€in€various€jurisdictions.€If€aÐ #l! Ðlawyer€is€called€as€a€witness€to€give€testimony€concerning€a€client,€absent€waiver€by€the€client,Ïparagraph€(a)€requires€the€lawyer€to€invoke€the€privilege€when€it€is€applicable.€The€lawyer€mustÏcomply€with€the€final€orders€of€a€court€or€other€tribunal€of€competent€jurisdiction€requiring€theÏlawyer€to€give€information€about€the€client.Ìòòó óÌà  àóóò ò[21]ó ó€òò[14]óó€The€Rules€of€Professional€Conduct€in€various€circumstances€permit€or€require€aÐ ¤(ô#' Ðlawyer€to€disclose€information€relating€to€the€representation.€See€Rules€ò ò2.2,ó ó€2.3,€3.3,€and€4.1.€InÐ )à$( Ðaddition€to€these€provisions,€a€lawyer€may€be€obligated€or€permitted€by€other€provisions€of€law€toÏgive€information€about€a€client.€Whether€another€provision€of€law€supersedes€Rule€1.6€is€a€matterÐ h+¸&* Ðof€interpretation€beyond€the€scope€of€these€Rules,€but€a€presumption€should€exist€against€such€aÏsupersession.€ÌÌòòà  à[15]à ` àA€lawyer€must€also€comply€with€lawful€orders€of€a€tribunal,€an€administrative€orÐ tÄ Ðexecutive€agency,€or€a€legislative€body.€If€a€lawyer€is€called€as€a€witness€to€give€testimonyÏconcerning€a€client€or€is€otherwise€ordered€to€reveal€information€relating€to€the€clientððsÏrepresentation,€the€lawyer€must,€absent€informed€consent€of€the€client€to€do€otherwise,€assert€onÏbehalf€of€the€client€all€non„frivolous€claims€that€the€information€sought€is€protected€againstÏdisclosure€by€the€attorney„client€privilege€or€other€applicable€law.€œIn›€the€event€of€an€adverseÏruling,€the€lawyer€should€consult€with€the€client€about€the€possibility€of€appeal.€See€Rule€1.4.ÏUnless€an€appeal€is€taken,€the€lawyer€must€comply€with€the€order.ÌóóÌò òòòActing€Competently€to€Preserve€Confidentialityó óÐ À  ÐÌà  à[16]à ` àA€lawyer€must€act€competently€to€safeguard€information€relating€to€theÐ ˜è  Ðrepresentation€of€a€client€against€inadvertent€or€unauthorized€disclosure€by€the€lawyer€or€by€otherÏpersons€who€are€participating€in€the€representation€of€the€client€or€who€are€subject€to€the€lawyerððsÏsupervision.€See€Rules€1.1,€5.1,€and€œ5.3.›ÌÌà  à[17]à ` àWhen€transmitting€a€communication€that€includes€information€relating€to€theÐ 4„ Ðrepresentation€of€a€client,€the€lawyer€must€take€reasonable€precautions€to€prevent€the€informationÏfrom€coming€into€the€hands€of€unintended€recipients.€This€duty,€however,€does€not€require€thatÏthe€lawyer€œuñÀñtilizñÀññÁñsñÁñe›€special€security€measures€if€the€method€of€communication€affords€a€reasonableÏexpectation€of€privacy.€Special€circumstances,€however,€may€warrant€special€precautions.€FactorsÏto€be€considered€in€determining€the€reasonableness€of€the€lawyerððs€expectation€of€confidentialityÏinclude€the€sensitivity€of€the€information€and€the€extent€to€which€the€privacy€of€theÏcommunication€is€protected€by€law€or€by€a€confidentiality€agreement.€A€client€may€require€theÏlawyer€to€implement€special€security€measures€not€required€by€this€Rule€or€may€give€informedÏconsent€to€the€use€of€a€means€of€communication€that€would€otherwise€be€prohibited€by€this€œRule.Ìóó›€Ð l¼ Ðñ¿ñœñ¿ñò ò€Former€Clientsó óò òÐ X ¨ ÐÓlÓÌÓ´gÓ‚ó óà  àò ò[22]ó ó€òò[18]óó€€The€duty€of€confidentiality€continues€after€the€client„lawyer€relationship€hasÐ 0"€  Ðterminated.ò ò€ó óòòThus,€Rule€1.6(a)€prohibits€the€disclosure€of€information€relating€to€theÐ #l! Ðrepresentation€of€a€former€client.€See€Rule€1.9(c)€for€the€prohibition€against€using€suchÏinformation€to€the€disadvantage€of€the€former€client.óóò òÐ ø$H # ÐÓA†XÐXdÐXd¾AÓÒH°ÒÒH°Òó óÔ#†X¾ÉXXX¾ÉoW#Ô