ÿWPCT  ›qBOÀgGÈpú:ôÎÙnÎ|Ÿ`ä]r/¬"¶á‹W¾¨ ›‹äHÆ-á~¼Ibñøl<ž'C®”×hkH‰ÊƒVù¡·¢#ÛŒ‰“³Âÿ‡à„DX8ú5*ÄçžËtwv€`‚i½@ÆHÅ#ÔK#¦(ERѹ_­ÍÔ-ÙEgÄh'‰øWð/ÅD³©Ÿ% ­´úà õM”x5…§¤˜XÔù—©ÑTL[¯O³çŠ #58V¸&Ì×B+Ï«RýÝb)…—cËj˜È}¡!×·!qg°¸?¬iâtlS󫃕[ÔˆZU³5Ή¹ß».q‚Šz V|t T°Úç|¬VqK¡I)v ª•;ånƒ:©ÔOÍxrXòT» Z-ôz•;[­l‹Ç&aa{¤G:ZÍ*w`Ù®ø¬y³‹âØq)W_0ƒ^¢"]Fæ¸~Ñðg6lGV”¹ñ ÀãrUôGÂ$¢&Óhæ–]J°ú`® ±gHÜ›g0iä̧BAžã ;šH¬I#¸Àãù£Ý5/©@+ž?óÿ]ôž×ÿ Òȱ–;)ÞëÛæX®˜Œþ µâñœ4/€§-ÑbàËóŠf…ð # šUN¥ %ó 0(ùUN!U@oUB¯w@ñ41E˜HP LaserJet 4V/4MVHPPCL5E,,,,0 (ÈhH  Z 6Times New Roman RegularX($¡¡(  Z ‹6Times New Roman Regular*Ͼ¦ `(CG TimesScalableô\  `*Times New RomanTT YZ[\D]^Y_D`abD3yk$@1dÔô3|xbÝ ƒ!ÝÝ  Ýò òÓ  ÓÔ‡¼4ؼXXÔApril€17„18,€1998€€Ð ° ÐPROPOSED€RULE€1.6€„€2d€DraftÌó óò òProtecting€ó óò òConfidentiality€ofó ó€Informationò ò€Relatñañing€ñaññbñed€ñbñto€the€Representation€of€aÐ Ü, ÐClientÔ#†XåX¼¼4Ø*#ÔÔ‡ ¤) XXåԀРòB ÐÓ=‡åXÐXdÐd=ÓÔ#†XåX  ¤)B#Ôó óÔ‡ ¤) XXåÔñañò òó óñañÔ#†XåX  ¤)Ú#ÔÓÓÔ‡XåXXXåÔò òñañÔ‡ŠK¡ ŠXXÔÔ#†XX ŠŠK¡.#ÔñañÌÓfæÓÓfæÓ(a)€Before€or€within€a€reasonable€time€after€agreeing€to€represent€a€client€in€a€matter,€a€lawyerÏwho€has€not€previously€represented€the€client€shall€consult€with€the€client€about€the€lawyerððsÏobligations€to€protect€information€relating€to€the€representation€and€the€circumstances€in€whichÏthe€lawyer€will€be€required€or€permitted€to€reveal€or€use€such€information€to€the€disadvantage€ofÏclient.€€ÌÌÔ#†XåXXXå<#ÔÓA†XÐXdXÐXdwAÓ(b)ó ó€ò ò(a)ó ó€Unless€the€client€gives€informed€consent,€ñ^ñò òñ^ñor€the€disclosure€or€use€is€permitted€byÐ Â  Ðparagraph€(c)€or€ñYñrequired€by€paragñYññZñrñZññ[ñañ[ññYñpñYññ\ññYñañYññ\ññYñhñYññ]ñ€(d)ñ]ññ^ñó óñ^ññ]ñ,€ñ]ña€lawyer€shall€not€Ð ²  ÐÌÒ°Òò ò(1)ó ó€revealòò€óóinformation€relating€to€the€representation€of€a€client,€except€for€disclosures€thatÐ ’â  Ðare€impliedly€authorized€in€order€to€carry€out€the€representation;€or¹Ò°ÒÒ—°Òò òÌÒ°ìÒÒ°Ò(2)ó ó€use€ò òsuch€informationó ó€ò òrelating€to€representation€of€a€clientó ó€to€the€disadvantage€of€aÐ b² Ðclient;€ò òoró ó€€Ð R¢ ÐÔ‡XžEXXXåÔÒ°ÒÌÔ#†XåXXXžEÅ#Ôò òÒ°Ò(3)€use€such€information€for€the€advantage€of€the€lawyer€or€another€person,€unless€theÐ 2‚ Ðinformation€is€generally€known.ó óÐ "r Ѐ€€ò òÐ b ÐÒ°Òñ\ñÒ°ÒÒ°9 Òñ\ñó ó(c)€ò òUnless€prohibited€by€other€law,ó ó€a€lawyer€may€reveal€information€ò òrelating€to€the€represeñ_ñtñ_ñnñ`ñtatñ`ñionÐ R Ðof€a€client€as€permitted€by€Rules€___,€___,€and€___€€or€ò òif€and€when,€but€onlyó óó ó€to€the€extent€that,Ð òB Ðthe€lawyer€reasonably€believes,€ò òafter€reasonable€inquiryó ó,€ò òthat€the€disclosureó ó€of€such€informationÐ â2 Ðis€necessaryÌÒM °Òò òÌ(1)€to€prevent€ò òó óthe€client€from€committing€a€criminal€actò òó ó€loss€of€life,€or€serious€illness€or€Ð ² Ðbodily€harm,€or€criminal€sexual€abuse,€ó óthat€the€lawyerò ò€ó óbelievesò ò,€after€reasonable€inquiry,Ð ¢ ò Ðó óis€likely€to€ò òresult€in€imminent€death€or€substantial€bodily€harmó óò ò€be€suffered€by€a€person;€or€Ð ’!â ÐÌ(2)€to€prevent€or€rectify€what€the€lawyer€[knows]€[has€reason€to€believe]€to€be€theÏwrongful€imprisonment€of€a€person€ò òfor€a€felonyó ó;€orÐ b$²! Ðó óÌÒ°Ê ÒÒ°Òò ò(3)€to€prevent€substantial€injury€to€the€financial€or€property€interests€of€a€person€[or€aÐ B&’!# Ðclass€of€similarly€situated€persons]€if€the€lawyer€reasonably€believes,€after€reasonableÏinquiry,€that€there€is€a€significant€likelihood€that€such€injury€will€result€from€past,Ïcontinuing,€or€intended€conduct€of€the€client€[or€a€third€person]€that€the€lawyer€knows€isÏcriminal€or€fraudulent.€ÌÒ° ÒÒk°ÒÌ(4)€to€Ô‡XåXXXåÔrectify€Ô#†XåXXXåà#Ôor€mitigate€substantial€injury€toó ó€ò òthe€financial€or€property€interests€of€aÐ â+2') Ðperson€[or€a€class€of€similarly€situated€persons]€that€the€lawyer€[knows]€[has€reason€toÏbelieve]€has€been€caused€by€the€criminal€or€fraudulent€conduct€of€the€client€in€a€matter€inÐ Â-)+ Ðwhich€[the€lawyer€represented€the€client]€[the€lawyerððs€services€were€utilized€Ô‡XåXXXåÔby€the€clientÐ ° Ðin€furtherance€of€the€crime€or€fraud];€orÔ#†XåXXXåª#ÔÐ  ð ÐÒ°ÆÒÒ°ÒÒ°ÒÌ(5)€ó óò ò(B)(2)ó ó€to€establishÐ €Ð ÐÌÒ°^ÒÒ°lÒÒ` °Òò ò(i)ó ó€€a€ò òreasonableó ó€claim€or€defense€on€behalf€of€the€lawyer,€ò òor€the€lawyerððs€firmó ó,€inÐ ` ° Ða€controversy€between€the€client€and€the€lawyer€or€ò òthe€lawyerððs€firm;€oró ó€Ð P   ÐÌò ò(ii)ó ó€€a€ò òreasonableó ó€defense€to€a€ò òformally€institutedó ó€criminal€charge€or€civil€claimÐ 0 € Ðagainst€the€lawyerò ò,€or€another€person€Ô‡XåXXXåÔparticipating€in€the€representation€of€theÐ  p  ÐclientÔ#†XåXXXåk#Ô,€ó óthat€is€based€upon€conduct€in€which€the€client€was€involvedò òÔ‡XåXXXåÔ;€orÐ `  ÐÌ(iii)ó óÔ#†XåXXXå5#Ô€a€ò òreasonableÔ‡XåXXXåÔ€defense€to€a€complaint€against€the€lawyer,€or€another€lawyerÐ ð@  Ðparticipating€in€the€representation€of€the€client,€that€is€submitted€to€or€instituted€byÏa€disciplinary€authority€and€relates€to€the€representation€of€the€client;ó óÔ#†XåXXXå©#Ô€or€Ð Ð  ÐÌò ò(iv)ó ó€€a€ò òreasonableó ó€response€to€ò òa€specificó ó€allegationò ò€that€is€made€against€the€lawyer,Ð ° Ðor€another€person€Ô‡XåXXXåÔparticipating€in€the€representation€of€the€clientÔ#†XåXXXå#Ô,€ó óin€any€otherÐ  ð Ðproceedingò ò€and€relates€toó ó€the€representation€of€the€client.ò òÐ à ÐÒ°` ÕÒÒ` °ÒÌÒ°` ‘ÒÒ°Ò(6)€to€enable€the€lawyer€to€ÌÌà ` à(i)€respond€candidly€and€completely€to€a€request€for€information€about€the€¼à ` àlawyerððs€representation€of€a€former€client€in€a€matter€if€the€request€comes€from€¼à ` àfrom€another€lawyer€who€is€currently€representing€the€former€client€in€the€same€¼à ` àor€a€substantially€related€matter;€orÌÌà ` à(ii)€secure€confidential€legal€advice€from€another€lawyer€about€the€lawyerððs€¼à ` àcompliance€with€these€Rules€or€other€law€in€connection€with€the€representation€of€¼à ` àthe€client;€or€€€€€€Ìà ` àÌà ` à(iii)€identify€conflicts€of€interest€that€may€arise€because€of€the€lawyerððs€current€¼à ` àor€proposed€association€with€a€law€firm;€or€ÌÌà ` à(iv)€advise€persons€with€whom€the€lawyer€has€previously€communicated€on€¼à ` àbehalf€of€the€client€that€the€lawyer€is€no€longer€representing€the€client;€or€€€ÌÌà ` à(v)€disaffirm€a€communication€the€lawyer€has€previously€made€on€behalf€of€the€¼à ` àclient€that€the€lawyer€[knows][has€reason€to€believe]€is€false€or€misleading.€Ìó óÌÒ°Òò òÔ‡XåXXXåÔ(d)€A€lawyer€shall€reveal€information€relating€to€the€representation€of€a€client€to€the€extent€theÐ 0*€%( Ðlawyer€reasonably€believes€disclosure€is€necessary:ÌÒ°ÒÔ#†XåXXXå-#ÔÔ‡XåXXXåÔÌÔ#†XåXXXå,#Ô(1)€to€comply€with€Rules€___,€___€,€___,€___,€___....;€€and€Ô‡XåXXXåÔÐ -P(+ ÐÐ ð-@), Ð(2)€to€comply€with€an€order€of€a€tribunal,€administrative€agency€or€a€legislative€bodyÏrequiring€disclosure€but€onlyò ò€ó óto€the€extent€finally€ordered€to€do€so€by€the€tribunal,€agencyÐ  ð Ðor€body€after€the€lawyer€has€asserted€on€behalf€of€the€client€all€non„frivolous€claims€thatÏthe€information€sought€by€the€tribunal€or€agency€is€protected€against€disclosure€by€theÏattorney„client€privilege€or€other€applicable€law€ò ò[ó óand€has€exhausted€the€clientððs€rights€toÐ pÀ Ðappeal€adverse€rulings€on€the€clientððs€claimsò ò]ó ó;€and€Ð ` ° ÐÌ(3)€to€comply€with€other€law,€provided,€however,€that€a€lawyer€may€refrain€from€makingÏsuch€disclosure€if€the€lawyer€[has€a€non„frivolous€reason€to€believe][has€reason€toÏbelieve],€after€reasonable€inquiry,€that€the€law€in€question€does€not€legally€obligate€theÏlawyer€to€make€the€disclosure€in€question;€andÌÔ#†XåXXXå«#ÔÔ‡XåXXXåÔÌÔ#†XåXXXåš!#ÔÒ°ÒÔ‡XåXXXåÔ(e)€Prior€to€disclosing€such€information€as€permitted€by€paragraph€(c),€or€as€required€byÐ ð@  Ðparagraph€(d),€a€lawyer€shall,€if€reasonably€feasible,€ÌÒ°Ý!ÒÌ(1)€advise€the€client€to€take€such€action,€or€refrain€from€taking€such€action,€as€the€lawyerÏreasonably€believes€is€necessary€to€accomplish€the€purpose€for€which€the€lawyer€wouldÏotherwise€be€permitted€to€disclose€information€relating€to€the€representation€of€the€client;ÏandÌÌ(2)€consult€with€the€client€about€the€consequences€of€the€clientððs€failure€to€do€so,Ïincluding€whether€and€to€what€extent€the€lawyer€is€required€or€permitted€by€these€RulesÏto€disclose€or€use€information€relating€to€the€representation€to€prevent€or€rectify€theÏharmful€consequences€of€the€act;€and€€€€ÌÌ(3)€provide€the€client€with€reasonable€advance€notice€of€the€lawyerððs€determination€toÏmake€the€disclosure€in€question.€ÌÔ#†XåXXXåë!#ÔÔ‡XåXXXåÔó ó€€ò òÐ P ÐÒ°Ò(f)€A€lawyer€shall€act€with€reasonable€care€to€safeguard€information€relating€to€the€representationÏof€a€client€against€inadvertent€or€unauthorized€disclosure€by€the€lawyer,€by€other€persons€who€areÏparticipating€in€the€representation€of€the€client€and€who€are€subject€to€the€lawyerððs€supervision,ò òÐ Ð  Ðó ó[or€by€any€other€person€to€whom€the€lawyer€has€provided€such€information.]ó ó€ò òÔ#†XåXXXå©%#ÔÔ‡XåXXXåÔÐ À! ÐÒ°å%Òó óÔ#†XåXXXå®'#ÔÔ‡XåXXXåÔà ` àÔ#†XåXXXå(#ԀР°"  ÐÓfæ½Óò òÓ  ÓCommentsÐ  #ð! ÐÓ—(ÓÓ  ÓGuidelines€for€Interpretation€and€ApplicationÌÓfæÓó óÓÐ(ÓÌò ò1.€The€lawyer€is€part€of€a€judicial€system€charged€with€upholding€the€law.€One€of€theÐ (n#& Ðlawyer's€functions€is€to€advise€clients€so€that€they€avoid€any€violation€of€the€law€in€theÏproper€exercise€of€their€rights.ÌÌ2.€The€observance€of€the€ethical€obligation€of€a€lawyer€to€hold€inviolate€confidentialÏinformation€of€the€client€not€only€facilitates€the€full€development€of€facts€essential€toÏproper€representation€of€the€client€but€also€encourages€people€to€seek€early€legalÐ ¾-), Ðassistance.ÌÌ3.€Almost€without€exception,€clients€come€to€lawyers€in€order€to€determine€what€theirÏrights€are€and€what€is,€in€the€maze€of€laws€and€regulations,€deemed€to€be€legal€andÏcorrect.€The€common€law€recognizes€that€the€client's€confidences€must€be€protected€fromÏdisclosure.€Based€upon€experience,€lawyers€know€that€almost€all€clients€follow€the€adviceÏgiven,€and€the€law€is€upheld.Ìó óÌà ` à[1]€ò ò4ó ó€A€fundamental€principle€in€the€client-lawyer€relationship€is€that,€in€theÐ 0 € Ðabsence€of€the€clientððs€informed€consent,€the€lawyer€will€not€reveal€information€relatingÏto€the€representation€ò òand€also€will€not€use€such€information€to€the€disadvantage€of€theÐ `  Ðclient€or€for€the€improper€advantage€of€the€lawyer€or€a€third€person.€This€contributes€toÏthe€trust€and€confidence€that€is€a€hallmark€of€the€client„lawyer€relationship.ó ó€The€client€isÐ ð@  Ðthereby€encouraged€ò òto€seek€legal€assistance€andó ó€to€communicate€fully€and€frankly€withÐ à0  Ðthe€lawyer€even€as€to€embarrassing€or€legally€damaging€subject€matter€ò òso€that€the€lawyerÐ Ð  Ðwill€have€all€the€information€the€lawyer€needs€to€effectively€represent€the€client€and,€ifÏnecessary,€to€advise€the€client€to€refrain€from€wrongful€conduct.ó ó€ò òThis€protection€alsoÐ ° Ðrecognizes€that€the€right€to€prevent€and€control€the€dissemination€of€information€aboutÏoneððs€affairs€is€an€important€individual€right€that€a€person€in€need€of€legal€representationÏshould€not€be€required€to€surrender€just€because€he€or€she€must€share€private€informationÏwith€the€lawyer€in€order€to€secure€effective€legal€assistance.€€The€protections€afforded€theÏclient€by€this€Rule,€then,€demonstrate€respect€for€the€autonomy€of€the€client€as€anÏindividualó ó.€€ò òIn€connection€with€the€use€by€the€lawyer€of€information€related€to€theÐ P  Ðrepresentation€€of€a€client,€this€rule€also€reinforces€the€lawyerððs€duties€to€be€loyal€to€theÏclient€and€to€respect€the€clientððs€proprietary€interests€in€such€information.€€€Ìó óÌÓ  Óò òò òInformation€Related€to€the€Representation€of€a€Client€ó óó óÐ ` ÐÌÓc3Óà ` àò ò[2]€This€Rule€governs€the€disclosure€or€use€by€a€lawyer€of€information€relating€toÐ ð@ Ðthe€€representation€of€a€client€during€the€course€of€the€lawyerððs€representation€of€theÏclient.€€See€Rule€1.0€for€the€duties€a€lawyer€owes€to€a€prospective€client.€€See€Rule€1.9€forÏthe€lawyerððs€duties€to€former€clients.€€€€€€ÌÌà ` à[3]€ð ðInformation€relating€to€the€representation€of€a€clientðð€includes€anyÏinformation€related€to€the€subject€matter€of€the€representation€without€regard€to€its€sourceÏand€the€timing€of€its€acquisition€by€the€lawyer.€€Information€relating€to€the€representationÏof€a€client€also€includes€any€€information€about€the€client€or€the€clientððs€affairs€providedÏto€the€lawyer€by€the€client€or€that€the€€lawyer€acquires€during€or€by€virtue€of€the€lawyerððsÏrepresentation€of€the€client.€€If€a€lawyer€€possesses€information€about€a€client€that€isÏunrelated€to€the€matter€in€which€the€lawyer€is€representing€the€client,€was€acquired€fromÏsources€other€than€the€client€prior€to€the€lawyerððs€representation€of€the€client,€and€was€notÏotherwise€acquired€by€virtue€of€the€representation,€such€information€would€not€beÏprotected€by€this€Rule.€€€ó óÐ ,`'* ÐÌò òà ` à[4]€In€most€cases€it€will€be€easy€for€a€lawyer€who€is€representing€a€client€toÐ ð-@), Ðdetermine€whether€information€about€the€client€is€protected€by€this€Rule.€€If€the€client€isÏthe€source€of€the€information,€for€example,€€it€is€protected€whether€or€not€it€relates€to€theÏsubject€matter€of€the€representation.€€Similarly,€if€the€information€is€the€result€of€theÏlawyerððs€efforts€to€marshal€information€needed€for€the€representation€of€the€client,€it€isÏprotected€even€though€some€of€the€information€acquired€might€not€relate€to€the€subjectÏmatter€of€the€representation.€With€respect€to€information€about€the€client€that€is€neitherÏprovided€to€the€lawyer€by€the€client€nor€acquired€by€the€lawyer€as€a€result€of€the€lawyerððsÏrepresentation€of€client,€however,€the€breadth€of€the€lawyerððs€duty€to€protect€suchÏinformation€will€depend€on€the€scope€of€the€lawyerððs€representation€of€the€client€asÏdetermined€by€the€lawyer€and€client€in€accordance€with€Rule€1.2.€€In€some€cases€theÏrepresentation€will€be€quite€limited,€such€as€the€representation€of€a€seller€in€a€specific€realÏestate€transaction€or€a€plaintiff€in€a€specific€lawsuit.€€In€other€cases,€the€scope€of€theÏlawyerððs€representation€of€a€client€may€embrace€all€legal€matters€arising€in€the€course€ofÏthe€clientððs€business.€€The€lawyer€handling€a€single€sale€of€real€estate€for€a€client,€forÏexample,€will€have€to€comply€with€this€Rule€to€protect€information€that€relates€to€thatÏtransaction,€that€was€provided€to€the€lawyer€by€the€client,€or€that€was€gathered€throughÏthe€initiative€of€the€lawyer.€But€if€a€third€person€who€did€not€know€the€lawyer€wasÏrepresenting€the€client€informed€the€lawyer€that€the€client€was€engaged€in€anotherÏunrelated€transaction,€such€information€would€not€be€information€related€to€the€lawyerððsÏrepresentation€of€the€client€and€would€not€be€protected€by€this€Rule.€If,€on€the€other€hand,Ïthe€same€person€alerted€the€lawyer€to€a€defect€in€the€title€to€the€property€that€was€theÏsubject€matter€of€the€lawyerððs€representation,€the€information€about€the€title€defect€wouldÏbe€protected€by€this€Rule€because€it€relates€to€the€subject€matter€of€the€representation.€TheÏlawyer€with€a€general€retainer,€however,€will€have€to€comply€with€this€Rule€with€respectÏto€any€information€the€lawyer€receives€about€the€client.€€Similarly,€a€lawyer€employed€inÏa€corporationððs€legal€department€must€treat€all€information€about€the€organization€asÏprotected€by€this€Rule.Ìó óÌà ` àò ò5.€The€principle€of€confidentiality€is€given€effect€in€two€related€bodies€of€law,€theÐ ð@ Ðattorney-client€privilege€(which€includes€the€work€product€doctrine)€in€the€law€ofÏevidence€and€the€rule€of€confidentiality€established€in€professional€ethics.€TheÏattorney-client€privilege€applies€in€judicial€and€other€proceedings€in€which€a€lawyer€mayÏbe€called€as€a€witness€or€otherwise€required€to€produce€evidence€concerning€a€client.€TheÏrule€of€client-lawyer€confidentiality€applies€in€situations€other€than€those€where€evidenceÏis€sought€from€the€lawyer€through€compulsion€of€law.€The€confidentiality€rule€applies€notÏmerely€to€matters€communicated€in€confidence€by€the€client€but€also€to€all€informationÏrelating€to€the€representation,€whatever€its€source.€A€lawyer€may€not€disclose€suchÏinformation€except€as€authorized€or€required€by€the€Rules€of€Professional€Conduct€orÏother€law.€See€also€Scope.€The€requirement€of€maintaining€confidentiality€of€informationÏrelating€to€representation€applies€to€government€lawyers€who€may€disagree€with€theÏpolicy€goals€that€their€representation€is€designed€to€advance.ó óÐ 0*€%( ÐÌò òà ` à[5]€Information€related€to€the€representation€of€a€client€includes€but€is€not€limitedÐ ,`'* Ðto€information€that€is€protected€against€discovery€by€the€attorney„client€privilege€or€theÏwork€product€rule.€€€Although€not€protected€by€either€the€attorney„client€privilege€or€theÐ ð-@), Ðwork„product€rule,€for€example,€an€unsolicited€letter€sent€to€a€lawyer€by€a€third€person€isÏprotected€by€this€Rule€if€the€information€in€the€letter€relates€to€the€lawyerððs€representationÏof€a€client.€€Similarly,€the€clientððs€identity,€and€information€about€fee€arrangementsÏbetween€the€lawyer€and€client€(or€a€third€person)€are€protected€as€information€relating€toÏthe€representation€of€the€client.€€The€same€is€true€for€what€the€lawyer€may€observe€whileÏrepresenting€the€client.€€Information€related€to€the€representation€may€consist€of€facts,Ïopinions€about€facts€and€law,€and€information€about€the€law,€as€well€as€communicationsÏabout€such€facts,€opinions,€and€information.€Ìó óÌà ` àò ò[6]€This€Rule,€unlike€the€attorney„client€privilege,€does€not€differentiate€betweenÐ  p  Ðinformation€provided€to€the€lawyer€in€his€or€her€capacity€as€a€lawyer€rather€than€in€someÏother€capacity€in€which€the€lawyer€may€simultaneously€be€serving€the€client.€€If€theÏinformation€is€related€to€a€matter€in€which€the€lawyer€is€representing€an€organization€as€aÏlawyer€or€is€provided€to€the€lawyer€by€an€organizational€constituent€during€the€lawyerððsÏlegal€representation€of€the€€organization,€it€does€not€matter€for€purposes€of€this€Rule€thatÏthe€lawyer€is€provided€or€acquires€the€information€in€the€lawyerððs€dual€capacity€as€aÏdirector€or€non„legal€officer€of€the€organization.€€Because€the€availability€of€the€attorney„¼client€privilege€may€depend€on€whether€the€client€is€communicating€to€the€lawyer€asÏlawyer€or€in€some€other€capacity,€a€lawyer€simultaneously€serving€a€client€both€as€aÏlawyer€and€in€some€other€capacity€must€act€reasonably€to€prevent€inadvertent€loss€of€theÏattorney„client€privilege€because€of€uncertainty€about€the€role€the€lawyer€was€playing€atÏthe€time€the€information€in€question€was€acquired.Ìà ` àó óÌà ` àò ò[7]€Organizational€clients,€including€governmental€agencies,€are€entitled€to€theÐ @ Ðprotection€of€the€Rule.€ó ó€When€an€organizational€constituent€communicates€with€theÐ 0€ Ðorganization's€lawyer€about€a€matter€affecting€the€organization,€the€communication€isÏprotected€by€Rule€1.6€ò òas€information€related€to€the€representation€of€the€organizationalÐ ` Ðclientó ó.€€Thus,€by€way€of€example,€if€an€organizational€client€requests€its€lawyer€toÐ P Ðinvestigate€allegations€of€wrongdoing,€interviews€made€in€the€course€of€that€investigationÏbetween€the€lawyer€and€the€client's€employees€or€other€constituents€are€covered€by€RuleÏ1.6.€€ò òThe€lawyerððs€duty€to€protect€this€information,€however,€is€a€duty€owed€exclusivelyÐ Ð  Ðto€the€organizational€client.€€With€respect€to€disclosure€of€such€information€to€persons€notÏassociated€with€the€organization,€or€the€use€of€such€information€to€the€disadvantage€of€theÏorganization€or€the€advantage€or€persons€not€associated€with€the€organization,€the€lawyerÏmust€secure€the€informed€consent€of€a€duly€authorized€organizational€constituent.€€SeeÏRule€1.13€for€the€lawyerððs€duties€to€the€organizational€client€with€respect€to€disclosureÏwithin€the€organization€of€information€relating€to€the€organizationððs€representation.€€Ìó óÌà ` àò ò[8]€If€a€lawyer€is€representing€multiple€clients€in€a€matter€in€accordance€with€theÐ P( #& Ðrequirements€of€Rule€1.7,€each€client€is,€in€the€absence€of€informed€consent€to€theÏcontrary,€entitled€to€the€full€protection€of€this€Rule.€€Information€related€to€the€jointÏrepresentation€will€be€deemed€related€to€the€representation€of€each€client€even€if€theÏsource€of€the€information€was€another€client.€€See€Comment€[17]€for€the€extent€to€whichÏthe€lawyer€is€impliedly€authorized€to€share€information€provided€by€one€of€the€jointlyÏrepresented€clients€with€the€other€clients.€€See€Comment€[€€€]€to€Rule€1.7€and€Rule€2.2€forÐ ð-@), Ðguidance€with€respect€to€the€resolution€of€conflicts€of€interest€that€may€arise€if€oneÏjointly„€represented€client€refuses€to€permit€the€lawyer€to€disclose€to€the€other€jointly„¼represented€€clients€information€relating€to€the€joint€representation€that€the€other€clientsÏneed€to€know€in€order€make€informed€decisions€about€the€representation.€UnlessÏpermitted€or€required€by€this€Rule€to€disclose€information€without€consent€of€the€clients,€aÏlawyer€who€is€jointly€representing€multiple€clients€or€serving€multiple€clients€as€anÏintermediary€must€consult€with€and€obtain€the€consent€of€each€of€the€clients€beforeÏdisclosing€protected€information€to€third€persons.€ÌÌà ` à[9]€Occasionally,€in€connection€with€the€representation€of€a€client,€the€lawyer€willÏbe€provided€information€by€a€third€person€on€the€express€or€implied€condition€that,€absentÏthe€informed€consent€of€the€third€person,€such€information€will€not€be€disclosed€by€theÏlawyer,€used€to€the€disadvantage€of€the€third€person,€or€used€for€the€advantage€of€personsÏother€than€the€lawyerððs€client.€€This€is€common,€for€example,€in€connection€with€a€jointÏdefense€consortium€in€which€several€clients,€each€represented€by€separate€counsel,€agreeÏto€share€information€in€connection€with€a€matter€in€which€they€have€a€common€interest.€ÏEven€though€the€information€may€be€about€the€third€person,€such€information€isÏinformation€related€to€the€representation€of€the€client€and€the€client€is€entitled€to€the€fullÏprotection€of€this€Rule€with€respect€to€the€lawyerððs€disclosure€or€use€of€the€information.Ï[See€Rule€[4.5]€for€the€duties€of€the€lawyer€to€the€person€who€provided€the€information€toÏthe€lawyer.]€ÌÌà ` à[10]€[Alternative€A]€A€client€may€be€represented€by€a€law€firm€and€in€the€courseÏof€that€representation€some€lawyers€associated€with€the€law€firm€will€acquire€informationÏrelated€to€the€clientððs€representation.€This€knowledge€is€not€imputed€to€other€lawyersÏassociated€with€the€law€firm.€€When€a€client€is€represented€by€a€law€firm,€however,€allÏlawyers€associated€with€the€firm€who€know€or€have€reason€to€believe€that€the€firm€isÏrepresenting€the€client€and€who€actually€possess€information€relating€to€the€representationÏof€that€client€must€comply€with€this€Rule€even€though€they€are€not€participating€in€theÏfirmððs€representation€of€the€client.€€This€is€because€the€clientððs€retention€of€the€firmÏentitles€the€client€to€expect€loyalty€and€confidentiality€from€all€persons€associated€withÏthe€firm€who€know€the€firm€is€representing€the€client.€€It€would€not€be€reasonable,Ïhowever,€for€a€client€to€expect€that€the€firm€notify€all€of€its€lawyers€and€employees€thatÏthe€firm€has€undertaken€the€representation€of€the€client.€€Indeed€many€clients€might€preferÏsuch€information€not€be€shared€beyond€those€lawyers€who€are€participating€in€the€clientððsÏrepresentation€or€who€need€to€know€of€the€representation€for€the€purpose€of€monitoringÏfor€conflicts€of€interest.€€In€rare€cases,€then,€a€lawyer€associated€with€a€firm€who€does€notÏknow€or€have€reason€to€believe€that€the€firm€is€representing€a€particular€client€mightÏnonetheless€possess€information€related€to€the€firmsððs€representation€of€that€client.€€InÏsuch€a€case,€the€lawyerððs€disclosure€or€use€of€such€information€without€the€informedÏconsent€of€the€client€would€not€violate€this€rule.]€€€€ÌÓ  ÓÌor€ÌÓdÓÓ  ÓÌà @ àÓ¢dÓà ` à[10][Alternative€B]€A€client€may€be€represented€by€a€law€firm€and€in€the€course€ofÐ ð-@), Ðthat€representation€some€lawyers€associated€with€the€law€firm€will€acquire€informationÏrelated€to€the€clientððs€representation.€The€knowledge€of€these€lawyers€is€not€imputed€toÏother€lawyers€associated€with€the€law€firm.€When€a€client€is€represented€by€a€law€firm,Ïhowever,€all€lawyers€associated€with€the€firm€who€actually€possess€information€relatingÏto€the€representation€of€that€client€must€comply€with€this€Rule€even€though€they€are€notÏparticipating€in€the€firmððs€representation€of€the€client.€€This€is€because€the€clientððsÏretention€of€the€firm€entitles€the€client€to€expect€loyalty€and€confidentiality€from€allÏpersons€associated€with€the€firm.€€To€guard€against€inadvertent€violations€of€this€rule,Ïlawyers€associated€with€law€firms€need€to€know€the€identity€of€all€clients€beingÏrepresented€by€the€firm,€and€law€firm€partners€must€act€reasonably€to€provide€thisÏinformation€to€all€lawyers€associated€with€firm.]€ÌÌà ` à[11]€In€some€cases,€lawyers€who€are€neither€partners€nor€full„time€employees€of€aÏlaw€firm€will€enter€into€a€working€relationship€with€the€law€firm€in€connection€with€theÏrepresentation€of€one€or€more€of€the€firmððs€clients.€€Such€a€lawyer€or€law€firm€might€be€aÏco„counsel€in€a€single€matter€or€be€an€ð ðof€counselðð€lawyer€who€frequently€assists€in€theÏrepresentation€of€a€significant€number€of€the€firmððs€clients.€€A€law€firm€may€also€hire€aÏlawyer€to€work€with€them€on€a€temporary€basis.€€€These€lawyers€are,€of€course,€obligatedÏby€this€rule€to€protect€information€relating€to€the€representation€of€a€client€in€whoseÏrepresentation€they€are€participating.€€They€must€also€comply€with€this€Rule€with€respectÏto€any€information€related€to€the€representation€of€another€client€of€the€firm€if€they€[knowÏthat€the€client€is€represented€by€the€firm€and]€have€acquired€the€information€by€virtue€ofÏtheir€relationship€with€the€firm.€€Lawyers€who€are€not€partners€or€full„time€employees€of€aÏlaw€firm,€however,€will€not€be€deemed€associated€with€the€firm€for€the€purpose€of€thisÏRule€if€they€do€not€have€general€access€to€information€about€clients€of€the€firm€on€whoseÏmatters€they€are€not€working.€€This€would€typically€be€the€case€when€a€lawyer€works€withÏa€law€firm€as€co„counsel€or€as€a€temporary€lawyer€in€a€single€matter.€€A€lawyer€who€hasÏan€ð ðof€counselðð€relationship€with€a€law€firm,€on€the€other€hand,€will€normally€be€deemedÏassociated€with€the€firm€because€of€the€close,€ongoing€personal€relationship€that€isÏhallmark€of€the€typical€ð ðof€counsel€relationship.ðð€€Whether€a€temporary€lawyer€will€beÏdeemed€associated€with€a€firm€will€depend€on€the€nature€of€the€temporary€relationship€asÏit€affects€the€likelihood€that€the€temporary€lawyer€will€have€access€to€information€aboutÏclients€of€the€firm€on€whose€matters€the€temporary€lawyer€is€not€working.€€Lack€of€accessÏto€information€about€firm€clients€may€be€established€by€the€utilization€of€screeningÏprocedures€that€would€satisfy€the€requirements€of€Rule€[€€€€].ó óÐ $à" ÐÓ  Óò òÌà @ àò òProtecting€Information€Related€to€the€Representation€of€the€Clientó óÐ p&À!$ ÐÓýpÓó ó€ò òÐ `'°"% Ðà ` à[12]€€There€are€three€distinct,€yet€sometimes€overlapping,€situations€in€whichÏparagraph€(b)€requires€that€a€lawyer€protect€information€related€to€the€representation€of€aÏclient.€€There€is€€the€duty€in€paragraph€(b)(1)€not€to€reveal€such€information€without€theÏinformed€consent€or€implied€authorization€of€the€client.€€This€duty€applies€without€regardÏto€the€effect€of€the€disclosure€on€client,€the€lawyer,€or€third€persons.€€It€also€applies€toÏstatements€by€a€lawyer€that€do€not€in€themselves€reveal€protected€information€but€couldÏreasonably€lead€to€the€discovery€of€such€information€by€a€third€person.€€UsingÐ ð-@), Ðinformation€related€to€the€representation€of€a€client€as€the€basis€for€a€ð ðhypotheticalððÏdiscussion€of€a€matter,€for€example,€will€constitute€a€disclosure€of€information€related€toÏthe€representation€of€the€client€if€there€is€a€reasonable€likelihood€that€the€hypotheticalÏwould€permit€detection€of€the€clientððs€identity€or€the€discovery€of€any€other€informationÏrelated€to€the€clientððs€representation€that€otherwise€would€not€have€been€discovered.€€ThisÏbroad€duty€not€to€reveal€information€related€to€the€representation€comports€with€theÏclientððs€legitimate€expectation€that€the€lawyer€will€not€contribute€to€the€publicððsÏawareness€of€client€€affairs€without€client€consent.ÌÌà ` à[13]€€Paragraph€(b)(2)€extends€the€lawyerððs€duty€to€protect€information€related€toÏthe€representation€of€the€client€to€situations€in€which€the€lawyer€does€not€reveal€suchÏinformation€but€silently€uses€it€in€a€way€that€disadvantages€the€client.€€Such€use€of€theÏclientððs€information€violates€the€lawyerððs€duty€of€loyalty€to€the€client.€€€Learning€by€virtueÏof€the€representation€of€a€client€that€the€client€intends€to€purchase€and€develop€severalÏparcels€of€land,€for€example,€a€lawyer€may€not€seek€to€purchase€one€of€the€parcels€inÏcompetition€with€the€client.€€Similarly,€in€cases€in€which€a€lawyer€may€be€permitted€byÏRule€1.7€to€represent€two€clients€who€have€directly€adverse€interests€in€separate€matters,Ïthe€lawyer€would€be€prohibited€by€paragraph€(b)(1)€from€using€information€related€to€theÏrepresentation€of€one€of€the€clients€to€that€clientððs€disadvantage€in€the€matter€in€which€theÏlawyer€is€representing€the€opposing€party.€€That€the€lawyer€may€be€permitted€to€representÏtwo€clients€with€directly€adverse€interests€does€not€exempt€the€lawyer€from€the€duty€theÏlawyer€owes€to€each€not€to€use€information€relating€to€their€representation€to€theirÏdisadvantage.ÌÌà ` à[14]€€In€some€situations€a€lawyer€may€be€able€to€use€information€related€to€theÏrepresentation€of€a€client€for€the€advantage€of€the€lawyer€or€a€third€person€without€anyÏforeseeable€disadvantage€to€the€client€and€without€revealing€the€information€to€others.€ÏParagraph€(b)(3)€permits€such€use€without€client€consent€if€the€information€is€generallyÏknown.€Information€relating€to€the€representation€of€a€former€client€is€ð ðgenerally€knownððÏif€a€reasonable€lawyer€who€had€not€represented€the€former€client€and€was€in€need€of€suchÏinformation€could,€without€substantial€difficulty€or€expense,€acquire€the€information€fromÏsources€other€than€the€former€client.€€€If€the€information€related€to€the€representation€wasÏgathered€by€the€lawyer€from€a€variety€of€little€known€sources€at€considerable€expense€toÏthe€client,€the€lawyer€cannot€regard€such€information€as€generally€known.€Similarly€if€aÏreasonable€lawyer€could€make€a€non„frivolous€argument€that€the€information€is€protectedÏby€the€attorney„client€privilege€or€the€work„product€rule,€the€lawyer€must€treat€suchÏinformation€as€information€that€is€not€generally€knownó ó.€€€€Ð p&À!$ Ðò òIf,€however,€a€lawyer€possesses€valuable€information€relating€to€the€representation€that€isÐ `'°"% Ðnot€generally€known€wishes€to€use€such€information€for€the€lawyerððs€advantage,€theÏlawyer€must€first€obtain€the€informed€consent€of€the€client.€€€This€would€be€the€case,€forÏexample,€if€a€lawyer€who€was€representing€the€client€in€connection€with€a€shoppingÏcenter€development€used€information€about€the€clientððs€plans€that€was€not€generallyÏknown€to€purchase€outparcels€of€land€that€were€not€included€in€the€clientððs€developmentÏplans€but€were€likely€to€increase€in€value€once€the€plans€for€the€development€wereÏannounced.€€Lawyers€must,€of€course,€refrain€from€buying€or€selling€€publicly„tradedÐ ð-@), Ðsecurities€based€on€non„public€information€related€to€the€representation€of€a€client.€€SuchÏð ðinsider€tradingðð€is€criminal€conduct€that€reflects€adversely€on€the€lawyerððs€fitness€toÏpractice€law.€€See€Rule€8.4€(b).€€€€€€Ìò òÓ  ÓÌ€Informed€Consent€and€Impliedly€Authorized€DisclosuresÌÓâƒÓó óÌà ` à[15]€A€clientððs€consent€to€the€disclosure€or€use€of€information€protected€by€thisÏrule€must€be€informed€and€secured€by€the€lawyer€in€advance€of€the€disclosure€or€use€inÏquestion.€€See€the€definition€of€€ð ðinformed€consentðð€in€Rule€[€€€€].€€For€a€consent€to€theÏdisclosure€of€information€relating€to€the€representation€of€a€client€to€be€informed,€theÏclient€must€be€aware€of€the€effect€of€the€disclosure€of€such€information€on€the€ability€ofÏthe€client€to€invoke€the€attorney„client€privilege€and€work„product€rule€in€subsequentÏdiscovery€proceedings.€€The€lawyer€must€also€advise€the€client€of€any€material€respect€inÏwhich€the€lawyerððs€personal€interests€would€be€furthered€by€the€disclosure€or€use€of€theÏinformation€in€question.€A€lawyer€may€seek€advance€consent€from€a€client€to€a€possibleÏfuture€use€or€disclosure€of€information€relating€to€the€lawyerððs€representation€the€client,Ïbut€such€consent€will€not€be€informed€unless€the€circumstances€present€at€the€time€theÏlawyer€subsequently€discloses€or€uses€the€information€were€specifically€within€theÏcontemplation€at€the€client€at€the€time€the€clientððs€consent€was€obtained.€€A€lawyer€mayÏnot€seek€a€clientððs€consent€to€a€disclosure€or€use€of€information€related€to€the€clientððsÏrepresentation€if€so€doing€would€be€inconsistent€with€the€lawyerððs€duty€to€provideÏcompetent€representation€to€the€client.€€See€rule€1.1.€€ò òÐ `° Ðó óÌó óà ` àò ò[16]ó ó€ò ò(5).ó ó€A€lawyer€is€impliedly€authorized€to€make€disclosures€about€a€client€whenÐ @ Ðappropriate€in€carrying€out€the€representation,€except€to€the€extent€that€the€client'sÏinstructions€or€special€circumstances€limit€that€authority.€In€litigation,€for€example,€aÏlawyer€may€disclose€information€by€admitting€a€fact€that€cannot€properly€be€disputed,€orÏin€negotiation€by€making€a€disclosure€that€facilitates€a€satisfactory€conclusion.ò ò€Ô‡XåXXXåÔ€If€a€clientÐ P Ðhas€agreed€that€the€lawyer€will€be€paid€by€a€third€person,€the€client€will€have€impliedlyÏauthorized€the€lawyer€to€disclose€to€the€fee„payor€such€information€relating€to€theÏrepresentation€as€is€necessary€for€the€lawyer€to€reasonably€account€for€the€servicesÏrendered€or€costs€incurred€while€representing€the€client.€€In€the€absence€of€instructions€toÏthe€contrary,€a€lawyer€jointly€representing€multiple€clients€in€a€matter€of€common€interestÏhas€implied€authority€to€share€information€relating€to€the€representation€provided€to€theÏlawyer€by€one€of€the€jointly€represented€clients€with€the€other€jointly€represented€clients.ÏImplied€authority,€however,€does€not€extend€to€disclosures€that€present€a€significant€riskÏthat€the€client€might€be€materially€disadvantaged€by€the€disclosure€in€question.€€SuchÏdisclosures€require€the€informed€consent€of€the€client.€€See€Rule€1.14€for€the€extent€toÏwhich€a€lawyer€who€is€representing€an€impaired€client€is€impliedly€authorized€to€makeÏdisclosures€the€lawyer€reasonably€believes€necessary€to€protect€the€clientððs€interestsó ó.€€Ð @)$' ÐÔ#†XåXXX廋#ÔÌà ` àò ò[17]ó ó€ò ò6.ó ó€Lawyersò ò€associatedó ó€in€a€firm€ò òmay,€in€the€course€of€the€firm's€practice,ó ó€ò òareÐ  +p&) Ðimpliedly€authorized€toó ó€disclose€to€each€other€information€relating€to€a€client€of€the€firmÐ ,`'* Ðò òto€the€extent€necessary€for€the€representation€of€the€clientó ó,€unless€the€client€has€instructedÐ -P(+ Ðthat€particular€information€be€confined€to€specified€lawyers.€€ò òThis€implied€authorizationÐ ð-@), Ðextends€to€disclosures€on€a€need„to„know€basis€to€lawyers€who€are€not€associated€with€theÏfirm€but€who€are€participating€in€the€representation€of€the€client€in€the€matter€either€as€aÏco„counsel€who€has€been€associated€in€the€matter€with€consent€of€the€client€or€as€aÏtemporary€lawyer€who€has€been€assigned€to€the€matter€by€the€lawyer€responsible€for€theÏmatter.€€See€comment€[€]€to€Rule€[€€€]€with€respect€to€the€need€for€the€lawyer€to€secureÏclient€consent€prior€to€permitting€a€temporary€lawyer€to€participate€in€the€clientððsÏrepresentation.€€€A€lawyer€who€is€representing€a€client€who€has€agreed€to€cooperate€with€aÏperson€who€is€represented€by€another€lawyer€in€a€matter€in€which€they€have€a€commonÏinterest€is€also€impliedly€authorized€to€disclose€to€the€other€lawyer€such€information€as€isÏappropriate€to€accomplish€the€common€objectives€of€the€clients.€.€ó ó