ÿWPC# Â8åËeì¾­ù;l?ÏyMÛ_ÓÍ5&d¯—qØ‚^²Ð}᱂€Æk“lLLÍÀÌ|ã·î4¨ÂƦ5Ðñ£M8â0ûNÉòçzƒ1¨cc°Ðz‹²ÀYÒ>':p娹ÏÊ¥ñvÖ²‡ @ldÕ•ÕÛynâ~«•&¹ÜvE3‰ŒlË+esR Jû^1xQØ7²GˆGdïŽÀú6i*¥–”>´¸®œîû¨q,VÎR“Dc>!hÀàÂE œÝ}–ÿÅOÏ«]ÏèaÆ”É݉«Ó¢ñ{åqj›V Âbßz)½ûw³?e)e×y‘»á+&‚ &¿,yæòƒ¡Y §5U~®±Ül"Ì€¡héÄ)g*ÊN:¥’½>ŒFÆ={~6p¯ŠFOL»xX¢søÏ`œÃþˆÖO)+|àú'è1“Gê͆0NÄÔ¨bÝ8ÕKM¬pY£§œ×Ýìš;æu W£0é´á~jø÷sm;Öô¼(QÁRùpä•øä¬<ºKUÌýKO"*t~Ž©”CzëþI J±)Hk,nZQɈûwðÇ;“FÊõ•eÐBžÑÒwb§9&ˆœý^±<›ž# àUKNë %9 0(?UINgw@µ4õ UB U@b-¢ˆÏ 0DWˆ›˜\\ARISTOTLE\541_14_CPR02_HP5SI_PSWINSPOOLÆÜÜÎÎÜÆÜ0 (  Z ‹6Times New Roman RegularX($¡¡(ÈhH  Z 6Times New Roman Regular E  .e  e ÏgE3yk$@1d3|xô\  `*Times New RomanTT*Ͼ¦ `(CG TimesScalable #Ñ#€Xÿÿd#Ñ ~Ý ƒ¯'ÝÝ  Ýò òÓ  Ó7/9/98Ð ° ÐWORKING€DRAFT€„€FOR€USE€BY€ETHICS€2000€COMMISSION€ONLYó ó(3¯$§§Ý ƒ!ÝÝ  Ý ~Ý ƒ¯'ÝÝ  Ýò òÓ  Ó7/9/98Ð ° ÐWORKING€DRAFT€„€FOR€USE€BY€ETHICS€2000€COMMISSION€ONLYó óÝ ƒ!ÝÝ  Ýñ ñ›ñ ññ ñ›ñ ñÑX°ÑÔ‡X(EXXXÔò òÓ  ÓÑ€ úÑñ ñœññÖ€ ÿÿÖññññÖ€ÿÿÖñññ ññññ ñ›ñ ñññññÑ7€(EXXdìXXdì7ÑññFor›€discussion€in€Toronto,€July€31€and€August€1,€1998Ð P ÐPROPOSED€RULE€1.6€„€ñ ñœñ ññ ññ ñœñ ññ ññ ñœñ ñ4thñ ñ›ñ ññ ññ ñ›ñ ññ ññ ñ›ñ ñ€Draft€€ÌÓ=‡(EXÐXdÐd=ÓConfidentiality€of€Information€Ô‡ Ù XX(EÔ€ó óò òÐ ( Ø ÐÔ#†X(EX  Ù:#ÔÔ#†X(EXXX(E?#ÔÓaÓÓfæÓÓfæÓÌÓA†XÐXdXÐXdÞAÓÔ‡X(EXXX(EÔó óÓ=‡(EXÐXdXÐXd=Ó(a)€Unless€the€client€gives€informed€consent,€ò òor€the€disclosure€or€use€is€permitted€by€paragraphÐ N þ Ð(b)€or€required€by€paragraph€(c)ó ó,€a€lawyer€shall€not€Ð : ê ÐÌÒ°Òò ò(1)ó ó€revealòò€óóinformation€relating€to€the€representation€of€a€client,€except€for€disclosures€thatÐ Â Ðare€impliedly€authorized€in€order€to€carry€out€the€representation;€or¹Ò°VÒÒ—°Òò òÌÒ°;ÒÒ°Ò(2)ó ó€use€information€relating€to€representation€of€a€client€ò òto€the€disadvantage€ofó ó€ò òif€such€useÐ Ö†  Ðis€reasonably€likely€to€disadvantageó ó€the€client.€€€Ð Âr  ÐÒ°cÒÒ°Ò€€€ò òÐ ®^  ÐÒ°LÒó ó(b)€A€lawyer€may€reveal€ò òor€useó ó€information€ò òrelating€to€the€representation€of€a€client€ó óto€the€extentÐ šJ  Ðthat€the€lawyer€reasonably€believes€is€necessary€toÌÒM °Òò òÌ(1)€prevent€ò òó óthe€client€from€committing€a€criminal€act€that€the€lawyer€believes€is€likely€toÐ ^ Ðresult€in€imminentó ó€death€or€substantial€bodily€harm;€€€€€ò òÐ Jú ÐÌ(2)€prevent€the€client€from€engaging€in€conduct€that€the€lawyer€knows€is€criminal€orÏfraudulent€and€that€the€lawyer€reasonably€believes€is€likely€to€result€in€substantial€injuryÏto€the€financial€interests€or€property€of€another;€€Ô#†X(EXXX(E1#ÔÔ‡X(EXXX(EÔÐ úª ÐÌ(3)€rectify€or€mitigate€substantial€injury€to€the€financial€interests€or€property€of€anotherÏthat€the€lawyer€comes€to€know€has€resulted€from€a€clientððs€crime€or€fraud€in€theÏfurtherance€of€which€the€lawyerððs€services€had€been€used;€€€€€ÌÒ°BÒÒ°ÒÒ°ÒÌ(4)€enable€the€lawyer€to€secure€confidential€legal€advice€from€another€lawyerÏabout€the€lawyerððs€compliance€with€these€Rules€or€other€law€in€connection€withÏthe€representation€of€the€client;€ÌÌ(5)€enable€the€lawyer,€after€notice€to€the€client,€to€ÌÔ#†X(EXXX(E, #ÔÔ‡X(EXXX(EÔÒ°f ÒÒ°t ÒÒ` °ÒÌœñ ñœñ ñ(ñ ñiñ ññññ ñIñ ñññññiññ)ñ ñ›ñ ñ›€consult€with€another€lawyer€for€the€sole€purpose€of€identifying€conflicts€ofÏinterest€that€may€arise€because€of€the€lawyerððs€current€or€proposed€associationÏwith€a€law€firm,€but€only€if€the€lawyer€reasonably€believes€that€the€disclosure€willÏnot€materially€disadvantage€the€client;€or€Ô#†X(EXXX(E¡ #ÔÔ‡X(EXXX(EÔÐ Î(~!$ ÐÌ(ii)€inform€a€person€with€whom€the€lawyer€has€previously€communicated€onÏbehalf€of€the€client€that€the€lawyer€is€no€longer€representing€the€client;€or€ÌÌ(iii)€disaffirm€a€communication€that€the€lawyer€has€previously€made€on€behalf€ofÏthe€client€and€that€the€lawyer€has€reason€to€believe€is€false€or€misleading.Ð V.'* ÐÒ7 °ÒÌÒ°` ä ÒÒ°åÒÒH °Ò(6)€ó óò ò(2)ó ó€to€establish€a€claim€or€defense€on€behalf€of€the€lawyer€in€a€controversy€betweenÐ :ê Ðthe€client€and€the€lawyer,€to€establish€a€defense€to€a€criminal€charge€or€civil€claim€againstÏthe€lawyer€Ô#†X\²XXXÖe #ÔÔ‡XÖXXX\²Ôthat€is€based€upon€conduct€in€which€the€client€was€involved,€or€to€respond€inÐ  ¾ Ðany€other€proceeding€to€allegations€in€any€proceeding€concerning€the€lawyerððsÏrepresentation€of€the€client.€ò òÔ#†X\²XXXÖ0#ÔÔ‡XÖXXX\²ÔÐ â ’ ÐÒâ°ÒÔ#†X\²XXXÖF#ÔÌÒ°ÒÒ°zÒÒ°ÒÒ°Ò(c)€A€lawyer€shall€reveal€or€use€information€relating€to€the€representation€of€a€client€to€the€extentÏrequired€by€law€or€court€order,€or€when€necessary€to€comply€with€RulesÔ‡XÖXXX\²Ô€3.3,€___,€___€,€Ô#†X\²XXXÖœ#Ôor€___.€Ð  P ÐÓfæÝÓÓfæÓÒ°âÒó óÌò òÔ‡XÖXXX\²ÔÓ  ÓCommentsÐ t$  ÐÓlÓÓ  ÓÌó óÓ¥ÓÒ°Òò ò1.€The€lawyer€is€part€of€a€judicial€system€charged€with€upholding€the€law.€One€of€the€lawyer'sÐ Hø  Ðfunctions€is€to€advise€clients€so€that€they€avoid€any€violation€of€the€law€in€the€proper€exercise€ofÏtheir€rights.ÌÌ2.€The€observance€of€the€ethical€obligation€of€a€lawyer€to€hold€inviolate€confidential€informationÏof€the€client€not€only€facilitates€the€full€development€of€facts€essential€to€proper€representation€ofÏthe€client€but€also€encourages€people€to€seek€early€legal€assistance.ÌÌ3.€Almost€without€exception,€clients€come€to€lawyers€in€order€to€determine€what€their€rights€areÏand€what€is,€in€the€maze€of€laws€and€regulations,€deemed€to€be€legal€and€correct.€The€commonÏlaw€recognizes€that€the€client's€confidences€must€be€protected€from€disclosure.€Based€uponÏexperience,€lawyers€know€that€almost€all€clients€follow€the€advice€given,€and€the€law€is€upheld.Ìó óÌà  à[1]€ò ò[4]ó ó€A€fundamental€principle€in€the€client-lawyer€relationship€is€that,€in€the€absence€ofÐ *Ú Ðthe€clientððs€informed€consent,€the€lawyer€must€not€reveal€information€relating€to€theÏrepresentation€ò òand€also€must€not€use€such€information€to€the€disadvantage€of€the€client.€ThisÐ þ® Ðcontributes€to€the€trust€that€must€be€a€hallmark€of€the€client„lawyer€relationship.ó ó€The€client€isÐ è ˜ Ðthereby€encouraged€ò òto€seek€legal€assistance€andó ó€to€communicate€fully€and€frankly€with€theÐ Ò!‚ Ðlawyer€even€as€to€embarrassing€or€legally€damaging€subject€matter€ò òso€that€the€lawyer€will€haveÐ ¼"l Ðall€the€information€the€lawyer€needs€to€effectively€represent€the€client€and,€if€necessary,€to€adviseÏthe€client€to€refrain€from€wrongful€conduct.€The€prohibition€against€the€use€by€the€lawyer€ofÏinformation€relating€to€the€representation€of€a€client€to€the€clientððs€disadvantage€is€derived€fromÏthe€lawyerððs€general€duty€of€loyalty€to€the€client.€ÌÓ  Óò òÌInformation€Relating€to€the€Representation€of€a€Client€ó óó óÐ 8(è $ ÐÌÓcÓà  àò ò[2]€This€Rule€governs€the€disclosure€or€use€by€a€lawyer€of€information€relating€to€theÐ  *¼"& Ðrepresentation€of€a€client€during€the€course€of€the€lawyerððs€representation€of€the€client.€€See€RuleÏ[€€]€for€the€duties€a€lawyer€owes€to€a€prospective€client.€€See€Rule€1.9€for€the€lawyerððs€duties€toÏformer€clients.€€€€€€Ìà  àó óÐ ´-d&* Ðà  àò ò[3]ó ó€ò ò[5]ó ó€The€principle€of€lawyer„client€confidentiality€is€given€effect€by€ò òthe€law€ofÐ P Ðevidence€and€civil€procedure€as€well€as€by€these€Rulesó ó.€€ò òrelated€bodies€of€law,€the€attorney-clientÐ :ê Ðprivilege€(which€includes€the€work€product€doctrine)€in€the€law€of€evidence€and€the€rule€ofÏconfidentiality€established€in€professional€ethics.€ó ó€The€attorney-client€privilege€applies€in€judicialÐ  ¾ Ðand€other€proceedings€in€which€a€lawyer€may€be€called€as€a€witness€or€otherwise€required€toÏproduce€evidence€concerning€a€client.€ò òThe€work€product€rule€applies€in€civil€discoveryÐ â ’ Ðproceedings€and€affords€a€defense€against€a€request€for€production€of€documents€prepared€inÏanticipation€of€litigation.€€As€a€matter€of€professional€responsibility,€however,€this€Rule€moreÏbroadly€requires€a€lawyer€to€preserve€the€confidentiality€of€information€relating€to€theÏrepresentation€of€the€client€even€though€some€of€that€information€may€not€be€protected€by€theÏattorney„client€privilege€or€the€work€product€rule.€ó ó€The€rule€of€client-lawyer€confidentialityò ò,€forÐ t$  Ðexample,ó ó€applies€in€situations€other€than€those€where€evidence€is€sought€from€the€lawyer€throughÐ ^  Ðcompulsion€of€law.€€It€ò òThe€confidentiality€ruleó ó€applies€not€merely€to€matters€communicated€inÐ Hø  Ðconfidence€by€the€client€but€also€to€all€informationò ò€relating€to€the€representationó ó€ò ògained€in€theÐ 2â  Ðcourse€of€or€as€a€result€of€the€lawyerððs€representation€of€the€client,ó ó€ò òwhatever€its€source,ó ó€€ò òwithoutÐ Ì  Ðregard€to€the€source€of€the€information€or€the€timing€of€its€acquisitionó ó.€€A€lawyer€may€notÐ ¶  Ðdisclose€such€information€except€as€authorized€or€required€by€the€Rules€of€Professional€ConductÏor€other€law.ò ò€See€also€Scope.€The€requirement€of€maintaining€confidentiality€of€informationÐ ÚŠ Ðrelating€to€representation€applies€to€government€lawyers€who€may€disagree€with€the€policy€goalsÏthat€their€representation€is€designed€to€advance.ó óò òÐ ®^ ÐÌà  à[4]€Organizational€clients,€including€governmental€agencies,€are€entitled€to€the€protectionÏof€this€Rule.€ó ó€When€ò òone€of€theó ó€a€constituent€of€an€organizational€client€communicates€with€theÐ l Ðorganization's€lawyer€in€ò òhis€or€heró ó€ò òthe€personððsó ó€organizational€capacity,€the€communication€isÐ V Ðprotected€by€Rule€1.6€ò òas€information€related€to€the€representation€of€the€organizational€clientó ó.€Ð @ð ÐThus,€by€way€of€example,€if€an€organizational€client€requests€its€lawyer€to€investigate€allegationsÏof€wrongdoing,€interviews€made€in€the€course€of€that€investigation€between€the€lawyer€and€theÏclient's€employees€or€other€constituents€are€covered€by€Rule€1.6.€€ò òThe€lawyerððs€duty€to€protectÐ þ® Ðthis€information,€however,€is€a€duty€owed€to€the€organizational€client.€€With€respect€to€disclosureÏof€such€information€to€persons€not€associated€with€the€organization,€or€the€use€of€suchÏinformation€to€the€disadvantage€of€the€organization,€the€lawyer€must€secure€the€informed€consentÏof€a€duly€authorized€organizational€constituent.€ò òó ó[17]ó ó€Where€the€client€is€an€organization,€theÐ ¦#V Ðlawyer€may€be€in€doubt€whether€contemplated€conduct€will€actually€be€carried€out€by€theÏorganizationððs€constituents.€Where€necessary€to€guide€conduct€in€connection€with€this€Rule,€theÏlawyer€may€make€inquiry€within€the€organization€as€indicated€in€Rule€1.13(b).ÌÔ#†X\²XXXÖ.#ÔÔ‡XÖXXX\²ÔÓ  Óò òÌà @ àò òProtecting€Information€Related€to€the€Representation€of€the€Clientó óÐ 8(è $ ÐÓ¾+Óó ó€ò òÐ ")Ò!% Ðà  à[5]€Paragraph€(a)(1)€prohibits€a€lawyer€from€revealing€information€relating€to€theÏrepresentation€of€a€client.€€This€duty€applies€without€regard€to€the€effect€of€the€disclosure€on€theÏclient,€the€lawyer,€or€third€persons.€€It€also€applies€to€statements€by€a€lawyer€that€do€not€inÏthemselves€reveal€protected€information€but€could€reasonably€lead€to€the€discovery€of€suchÏinformation€by€a€third€person.€€Using€an€anonymous€ð ðhypotheticalðð€to€discuss€issues€relating€toÐ ´-d&* Ðthe€representation€of€a€client,€for€example,€does€not€ordinarily€reveal€information€relating€to€theÏclientððs€representation,€but€such€a€discussion€may€constitute€a€disclosure€requiring€client€consentÏif€there€is€a€reasonable€likelihood€that€the€hypothetical€would€permit€detection€of€the€clientððsÏidentity€or€lead€to€the€discovery€of€other€information€relating€to€the€clientððs€representation€thatÏotherwise€would€not€have€been€discovered.€€This€broad€duty€not€to€reveal€information€relating€toÏthe€representation€comports€with€the€clientððs€legitimate€expectation€that€the€lawyer€will€notÏcontribute€to€the€publicððs€awareness€of€client€€affairs€without€client€consent.ÌÌà  à[6]€€Paragraph€(a)(2)€prohibits€a€lawyer€from€using€information€relating€to€a€clientððsÏrepresentation€to€the€reasonably€likely€disadvantage€of€the€client.€€€Learning€by€virtue€of€theÏrepresentation€of€a€client€that€the€client€intends€to€purchase€and€develop€several€parcels€of€land,Ïfor€example,€a€lawyer€may€not€seek€to€purchase€one€of€the€parcels€in€competition€with€the€client.€ÏAlso,€if€by€virtue€of€his€or€her€representation€of€a€client€in€a€business€matter,€a€lawyer€comes€toÏknow€of€the€availability€of€a€related€business€opportunity€of€which€the€client€is€unaware,€theÏlawyer€may€be€under€a€legal€obligation€to€refrain€from€taking€the€opportunity€without€firstÏaffording€the€client€an€opportunity€to€do€so.€€The€lawyerððs€undisclosed€seizure€of€the€opportunityÏwould€disadvantage€the€client€by€depriving€the€client€of€a€first€option€to€which€he€or€she€wasÏlegally€entitled.€€Such€a€use€of€information€relating€to€the€representation€of€the€client€violates€theÏlawyerððs€duty€of€loyalty€to€the€client.€ÌÌà  à[7]€€In€some€situations,€a€lawyer€may€be€able€to€use€information€relating€to€theÏrepresentation€of€a€client€for€the€advantage€of€the€lawyer€or€a€third€person€without€revealing€theÏinformation€to€others.€The€lawyer€may€do€so€provided€that€the€use€of€the€information€does€notÏdisadvantage€the€client€or€violate€client€instructions,€is€not€dishonest,€fraudulent€or€deceitful,€andÏdoes€not€constitute€a€crime€that€reflects€substantially€on€the€lawyerððs€fitness€to€practice€law.€€SeeÏRule€8.4.€€Lawyers€must,€of€course,€refrain€from€buying€or€selling€€publicly„traded€securitiesÏbased€on€non„public€information€related€to€the€representation€of€a€client.€€Such€ð ðinsider€tradingððÏis€criminal€conduct€that€reflects€adversely€on€the€lawyerððs€fitness€to€practice€law.€€See€Rule€8.4Ï(b).€€€€€€Ìò òÓ  ÓÌ€Informed€Consent€and€Impliedly€Authorized€DisclosuresÌÓ78Óó óÌà  à[8]€A€clientððs€consent€to€the€disclosure€or€use€of€information€protected€by€this€rule€mustÏbe€informed€and€secured€by€the€lawyer€in€advance€of€the€disclosure€or€use€in€question.€€See€theÏdefinition€of€€ð ðinformed€consentðð€in€Rule€[€€€€].€€For€a€consent€to€the€disclosure€of€informationÏrelating€to€the€representation€of€a€client€to€be€informed,€the€client€must€at€least€be€aware€of€theÏeffect€of€the€disclosure€on€the€availability€of€the€attorney„client€privilege€and€work„product€rule.ÏThe€lawyer€must€also€advise€the€client€of€any€material€respect€in€which€the€lawyerððs€personalÏinterests€would€be€furthered€by€the€disclosure€or€use€of€the€information€in€question.€ÌÌà  à[9]€A€lawyer€may€seek€advance€consent€from€a€client€to€a€possible€future€use€orÏdisclosure€of€information€relating€to€the€lawyerððs€representation€the€client,€but€such€consent€willÏnot€be€informed€unless€the€circumstances€present€at€the€time€the€lawyer€subsequently€discloses€orÐ ´-d&* Ðuses€the€information€were€within€the€contemplation€of€the€client€at€the€time€the€clientððs€consentÏwas€obtained.€€A€lawyer€may€not€seek€a€clientððs€consent€to€a€disclosure€or€use€of€informationÏrelating€to€the€clientððs€representation€if€so€doing€would€be€inconsistent€with€the€lawyerððs€duty€toÏprovide€competent€representation€to€the€client.€€See€Rule€1.1.€€ò òÐ  ¾ Ðó óÌó óà  àò ò[10]ó ó€ò ò(7).ó ó€A€lawyer€is€impliedly€authorized€to€make€disclosures€of€information€relating€aÐ â ’ Ðclientððs€representation€when€appropriate€in€carrying€out€the€representation,€except€to€the€extentÏthat€the€client's€instructions€or€special€circumstances€limit€that€authority.€In€litigation,€forÏexample,€a€lawyer€may€disclose€information€by€admitting€a€fact€that€cannot€properly€be€disputed,Ïor€in€negotiation€by€making€a€disclosure€that€facilitates€a€satisfactory€conclusion.ò ò€Ô#†X\²XXXÖŸ+#ÔÔ‡ XÖXXX\²Ô€ImpliedÐ Š:  Ðauthority,€however,€does€not€extend€to€disclosures€of€information€that€present€a€significant€riskÏthat€the€client€might€be€substantially€disadvantaged€by€the€disclosure€in€question.€€SuchÏdisclosures€require€the€informed€consent€of€the€client.€€See€Rule€1.14€for€the€extent€to€which€aÏlawyer€who€is€representing€an€impaired€client€is€impliedly€authorized€to€make€disclosures€theÏlawyer€reasonably€believes€necessary€to€protect€the€clientððs€interestsó ó.€€Ð Ì  ÐÌÔ#†X\²XX XÖ2@#ÔÔ‡XÖXXX\²Ôà  àò ò[11]ó ó€ò ò[8]ó ó€€Lawyersò ò€associatedó ó€in€a€firm€ò òmay,€in€the€course€of€the€firm's€practice,ó ó€ò òareÐ ð  Ðimpliedly€authorized€toó ó€disclose€to€each€other€information€relating€to€a€client€of€the€firm,€unlessÐ ÚŠ Ðthe€client€has€instructed€that€particular€information€be€confined€to€specified€lawyers.€€ò òThisÐ Ät Ðimplied€authorization€also€extends€to€disclosures€on€a€need„to„know€basis€to€lawyers€who€are€notÏassociated€with€the€firm€but€who€are€participating€in€the€representation€of€the€client€in€the€matterÏeither€as€an€independent€co„counsel€or€as€a€temporary€lawyer.€€See€Rule€[€€€]€with€respect€to€theÏneed€for€the€lawyer€to€secure€client€consent€prior€to€associating€co„counsel€or€permitting€aÏtemporary€lawyer€to€participate€in€the€clientððs€representation.€ÌÌÓ  Óò òJoint€Representation€of€Multiple€Client€and€Cooperative€Arrangements€Among€SeparatelyÐ *Ú ÐRepresented€Clients€ó óÐ Ä ÐÓÛEÓÌà  à[12]€If€a€lawyer€is€representing€multiple€clients€in€a€matter€in€compliance€with€Rule€1.7,Ïeach€client€is,€absent€informed€consent€to€the€contrary,€entitled€to€the€full€protection€of€this€Rule.€€ÏInformation€relating€to€the€joint€representation€provided€to€the€lawyer€by€one€of€the€clients€willÏbe€regarded€as€information€relating€to€the€representation€of€each€client.€The€lawyer€who€is€jointlyÏrepresenting€the€clients€must€obtain€the€informed€consent€of€each€of€the€clients€before€disclosingÏprotected€information€to€third€persons.€€Ô#†X\²XXXÖqB#ÔÔ‡ XÖXXX\²ÔIn€the€absence€of€instructions€to€the€contrary,€however,€aÐ z%*! Ðlawyer€jointly€representing€multiple€clients€is€impliedly€authorized€to€share€information€relatingÏto€the€representation€with€all€the€clients€to€the€extent€necessary€to€accomplish€the€objectives€ofÏthe€joint€representation.€Ô#†X\²XX XÖ×H#ÔÔ‡XÖXXX\²Ô€See€Rule€1.7€for€the€lawyerððs€duties€if€€a€conflict€of€interest€arisesÐ 8(è $ Ðbecause€one€jointly„represented€client€refuses€to€permit€the€lawyer€to€disclose€to€another€jointly„¼represented€client€information€relating€to€the€representation€that€the€other€client€needs€to€know€inÏorder€make€informed€decisions€about€the€representation.€ÌÌà  à[13]€Occasionally,€clients€represented€by€separate€lawyers€will€agree€to€cooperate€withÏeach€other€in€connection€with€a€matter€in€which€they€have€a€common€interest.€€It€is€common€inÐ ´-d&* Ðsuch€arrangements€for€the€clients€to€agree€to€share€information€relating€to€the€matter€in€whichÏthey€have€a€common€interest.Ô#†X\²XXXÖHJ#ÔÔ‡XÖXXX\²Ô€€This€Rule€specifies€the€duties€of€each€lawyer€to€his€or€her€ownÐ :ê Ðclient€to€protect€information€relating€to€such€a€ð ðcommon„interest€arrangement.ðð€Ô#†X\²XXXÖ>M#ÔÔ‡XÖXXX\²Ô€See€Rule€[4.5]Ð $ Ô Ðfor€the€duty€of€the€lawyer€to€abide€by€confidentiality€agreements€between€the€lawyerððs€client€andÏother€participants€in€such€a€ð ðcommon„interest€arrangement.ððÔ#†X\²XXXÖ,N#ÔÔ‡XÖXXX\²Ô€ó óÐ ø ¨ ÐÓ  Óò òÌPermitted€Disclosure€or€Use€of€Information€Relating€to€a€Clientððs€Representation€òòó óÐ Ì | ÐóóÓpOÓÌà  àò ò[14]ó ó€ò ò[9]ó ó€ò òAlthough€the€public€interest€is€usually€best€served€by€a€strict€rule€requiringÐ  P Ðlawyers€to€preserve€the€confidentiality€of€information€relating€to€the€representation€of€theirÏclients,ó ó€the€confidentiality€rule€is€subject€to€limited€exceptions.€€ò òIn€becoming€privy€to€informationÐ t$  Ðabout€a€client,€a€lawyer€may€foresee€that€the€client€intends€serious€harm€to€another€person.€ÏHowever,€to€the€extent€a€lawyer€is€required€or€permitted€to€disclose€a€client's€purposes,€the€clientÏwill€be€inhibited€from€revealing€facts€which€would€enable€the€lawyer€to€counsel€against€aÏwrongful€course€of€action.€The€public€is€better€protected€if€full€and€open€communication€by€theÏclient€is€encouraged€than€if€it€is€inhibited.ó ó€€ò òParagraph€(b)(1),€for€example,€recognizes€theÐ ¶  Ðoverriding€value€of€life€and€physical€integrity€and€permits€disclosure€reasonably€necessary€toÏprevent€death€or€substantial€bodily€harm.€€Substantial€bodily€harm€includes€life€threatening€andÏdebilitating€illnesses,€such€as€cancer€and€AIDS,€and€the€consequences€of€child€sexual€abuse.€€ó ó€€Ð Ät Ðò òThe€lawyer€must€reasonably€believe€that€a€person€is€likely€to€die€or€suffer€substantial€bodily€harmÐ ®^ Ðunless€the€lawyer€reveals€information€otherwise€protected€by€this€Rule.€€The€lawyer€must€alsoÏreveal€no€more€information€relating€to€the€clientððs€representation€than€is€necessary€to€prevent€theÏdeath€or€substantial€bodily€harm.€Ìó ó€€Ô#†X\²XXXÖ8O#ÔÔ‡XÖXXX\²ÔÐ V Ðà  àò ò[15]€Paragraph€(b)(2)€permits€disclosure€of€information€relating€to€a€clientððsÐ @ð Ðrepresentation€to€the€extent€reasonably€necessary€to€prevent€the€client€from€consummating€aÏcrime€or€fraud€that€the€lawyer€reasonably€believes€will€result€in€substantial€injury€to€the€financialÏinterests€or€property€of€€another.€€The€lawyer€must€know€that€the€conduct€in€question€is€criminalÏor€fraudulent.€€The€lawyer€must€reasonably€believe€that€the€client€intends€to€carry€out€the€crimeÏor€fraud,€that€the€resulting€injury€will€be€substantial,€and€that€the€lawyerððs€disclosure€is€necessaryÏto€prevent€the€consummation€of€the€crime€or€fraud.ÌÌÔ#†X\²XXXÖ V#ÔÔ‡XÖXXX\²Ôà  à[16]€Normally€a€lawyer€is€not€permitted€to€reveal€past€misconduct€of€a€client€even€thoughÐ $@  Ðdisclosure€might€permit€the€mitigation€or€rectification€of€harm€caused€by€the€clientððs€misconduct.€ÏParagraph€(b)(3)€provides€a€limited€exception€in€cases€in€which€the€lawyerððs€services€have€beenÏused€in€furtherance€of€the€clientððs€crime€or€fraud.€€A€lawyerððs€services€further€the€commission€ofÏa€clientððs€crime€or€fraud,€for€example,€if€the€lawyer€has€represented€the€client€in€dealings€with€theÏaffected€persons,€or€if€the€client€has€provided€the€affected€persons€with€work€product€prepared€byÏthe€lawyer€or€has€made€statements€about€the€lawyerððs€participation€in€the€matter,€that€contributedÏto€the€consummation€of€the€clientððs€crime€or€fraud.€€A€lawyer€does€not€further€a€clientððs€crime€orÏfraud,€however,€if€the€lawyerððs€participation€in€the€matter€is€limited€to€the€provision€of€advice€toÏthe€client€about€the€legality€or€consequences€of€the€clientððs€conduct.€€The€lawyer€must€not,€ofÏcourse,ó ó€counsel€or€assist€the€client€in€conduct€that€the€lawyer€knows€is€criminal€or€fraudulent.€SeeÐ ´-d&* ÐRule€1.2(d).€€€ÌÌà  àò òÔ#†X\²XXXÖY#ÔÔ‡XÖXXX\²Ô[10]€Several€situations€must€be€distinguished.ó óÐ $ Ô ÐÌà  àò ò[11]€€First,€the€lawyer€may€not€counsel€or€assist€a€client€in€conduct€that€is€criminal€orÐ ø ¨ Ðfraudulent.€See€Rule€1.2(d).€Similarly,€a€lawyer€has€a€duty€under€Rule€3.3(a)(4)€not€to€use€falseÏevidence.€This€duty€is€essentially€a€special€instance€of€the€duty€prescribed€in€Rule€1.2(d)€to€avoidÏassisting€a€client€in€criminal€or€fraudulent€conduct.Ìó óÌà  àò ò[12]€Second,€the€lawyer€may€have€been€innocently€involved€in€past€conduct€by€the€clientÐ Š:  Ðthat€was€criminal€or€fraudulent.€In€such€a€situation€the€lawyer€has€not€violated€Rule€1.2(d),Ïbecause€to€"counsel€or€assist"€criminal€or€fraudulent€conduct€requires€knowing€that€the€conduct€isÏof€that€character.Ìó óÌà  àò ò[13]€Third,€the€lawyer€may€learn€that€a€client€intends€prospective€conduct€that€is€criminalÐ Ì  Ðand€likely€to€result€in€imminent€death€or€substantial€bodily€harm.€As€stated€in€paragraph€(b)(1),Ïthe€lawyer€has€professional€discretion€to€reveal€information€in€order€to€prevent€suchÏconsequences.€€The€lawyer€may€make€a€disclosure€in€order€to€prevent€homicide€or€serious€bodilyÏinjury€which€the€lawyer€reasonably€believes€is€intended€by€a€client.€€It€is€very€difficult€for€aÏlawyer€to€"know"€when€such€a€heinous€purpose€will€actually€be€carried€out,€for€the€client€mayÏhave€a€change€of€mind.ó óÐ ˜H ÐÔ#†X\²XXXÖ^#ÔÔ‡ X­õ XXX\²ÔÌÔ#†X\²X X X­õÞc#ÔÔ‡XÖXXX\²Ôà  àò ò[17]€A€lawyerððs€confidentiality€obligations€should€not€preclude€a€lawyer€from€securingÐ n Ðlegal€advice€about€the€lawyerððs€personal€responsibility€to€comply€with€these€Rules€and€other€lawÏin€connection€with€the€lawyerððs€representation€of€a€client.€€Paragraph€(b)(4),€therefore,€permitsÏthe€lawyer€to€reveal€information€relating€to€a€clientððs€representation€for€the€sole€purpose€ofÏsecuring€confidential€legal€advice€about€the€lawyerððs€legal€obligations€and€professionalÏresponsibilities.€€Although€the€lawyer€may€choose€to€inform€the€client€of€the€lawyerððs€need€toÏconsult€with€another€lawyer,€the€lawyer€is€not€required€to€do€so.€To€assure€the€confidentiality€ofÏthe€communication,€this€exception€is€limited€to€situations€in€which€the€consulting€lawyerÏestablishes€an€attorney„client€relationship€with€the€consulted€lawyer.€€This€exception€does€notÏembrace€informal€consultations€with€other€lawyers€about€how€the€lawyer€might€best€represent€theÏclient.€€Nor€does€it€apply€to€the€situation€in€which€the€lawyer€wishes€to€associate€another€lawyerÏin€the€matter€as€co„counsel.€€€See€Rule€[€€€€].€ÌÌà  à[18]€Paragraph€(b)(5)€permits€disclosure€of€information€relating€to€a€clientððsÏrepresentation€in€several€situations€in€which€the€disclosure€is€necessary€for€the€lawyer€to€conductÏhis€or€her€practice€in€a€professionally€responsible€fashion.Ô#†X\²XXXÖ!d#ÔÔ‡XÖXXX\²Ô€In€each€case€the€permitted€disclosure€isÐ $)Ô!% Ðvery€limited€and€unlikely€to€harm€any€legitimate€interest€of€the€client.€€As€a€procedural€safeguard,Ïhowever,€the€lawyer€must€give€the€client€advance€notice€of€the€disclosure€in€question.€€€€ó óÐ ø*¨#' ÐÌà  àò ò[19]ó ó€ò ò[18ó ó]€Where€a€legal€claim€or€disciplinary€charge€alleges€complicity€of€the€lawyer€in€aÐ Ì,|%) Ðclient's€conduct€or€other€misconduct€of€the€lawyer€involving€representation€of€the€client,€or€theÐ ¶-f&* Ðlawyer€is€otherwise€charged€with€wrongdoing€in€which€the€clientððs€conduct€is€implicated,€the€ruleÏof€confidentiality€should€not€prevent€the€lawyer€from€defending€against€the€charge.€€Such€aÏcharge€can€arise€in€a€civil,€criminal€or€professional€disciplinary€proceeding,€and€can€be€based€onÏa€wrong€allegedly€committed€by€the€lawyer€against€the€client,€or€on€a€wrong€alleged€by€a€thirdÏperson;€for€example,€a€person€claiming€to€have€been€defrauded€by€the€lawyer€and€client€actingÏtogether.€€The€lawyer€may€respond€to€the€extent€the€lawyer€reasonably€believes€necessary€toÏestablish€a€defense.€The€same€is€true€with€respect€to€a€claim€involving€the€conduct€orÏrepresentation€of€a€former€client.€The€lawyer's€right€to€respond€arises€when€an€assertion€of€suchÏcomplicity€has€been€made.€Paragraph€(b)(6)€does€not€require€the€lawyer€to€await€theÏcommencement€of€an€action€or€proceeding€that€charges€such€complicity,€so€that€the€defense€mayÏbe€established€by€responding€directly€to€a€third€party€who€has€made€such€an€assertion.€The€rightÏto€defend,€of€course,€applies€where€a€proceeding€has€been€commenced.€€Where€practicable€andÏnot€prejudicial€to€the€lawyer's€ability€to€establish€the€defense,€the€lawyer€should€advise€the€clientÏof€the€third€party's€assertion€and€request€that€the€client€respond€appropriately.€In€any€event,Ïdisclosure€should€be€no€greater€than€the€lawyer€reasonably€believes€is€necessary€to€vindicateÏinnocence,€the€disclosure€should€be€made€in€a€manner€which€limits€access€to€the€information€toÏthe€tribunal€or€other€persons€having€a€need€to€know€it,€and€appropriate€protective€orders€or€otherÏarrangements€should€be€sought€by€the€lawyer€to€the€fullest€extent€practicable.ÌÌà  àò ò[20ó ó]€ò ò[19]ó ó€A€lawyer€entitled€to€a€fee€is€permitted€by€paragraph€(b)(6)€to€prove€the€servicesÐ ®^ Ðrendered€in€an€action€to€collect€it.€This€aspect€of€the€rule€expresses€the€principle€that€theÏbeneficiary€of€a€fiduciary€relationship€may€not€exploit€it€to€the€detriment€of€the€fiduciary.€AsÏstated€above,€the€lawyer€must€make€every€effort€practicable€to€avoid€unnecessary€disclosure€ofÏinformation€relating€to€a€representation,€to€limit€disclosure€to€those€having€the€need€to€know€it,Ïand€to€obtain€protective€orders€or€make€other€arrangements€minimizing€the€risk€of€disclosure.ò òÐ @ð Ðó óò òÔ#†X\²XXXÖÙi#ÔÔ‡XÖXXX\²ÔÌà  àÔ#†X\²XXXÖMu#ÔÔ‡XÖXXX\²Ô[21]ó ó€ò ò[14]ó óò ò€Paragraph€(b)€does€not€mandate€the€disclosure€or€use€of€information€relating€toÐ Ä Ða€€clientððs€representation€to€accomplish€the€specified€purposes.€€In€exercising€the€discretionÏconferred€by€this€Rule,ó ó€ò òthe€lawyer's€exercise€of€discretion€requires€consideration€ofó ó€the€lawyerÐ è ˜ Ðmay€consider€such€factors€as€the€nature€of€the€lawyer's€relationship€with€the€client€and€with€thoseÏwho€might€be€injured€by€the€client,€the€lawyer's€own€involvement€in€the€transaction€and€factorsÏthat€may€extenuate€the€conduct€in€question.€Where€practical,€the€lawyer€should€seek€to€persuadeÏthe€client€to€take€suitable€action.€€In€any€case,€a€disclosure€adverse€to€the€client's€interest€shouldÏbe€no€greater€than€the€lawyer€reasonably€believes€necessary€to€the€purpose.Ô#†X\²XXXÖœu#ÔÔ‡XÖXXX\²Ô€€Ô#†X\²XXXÖy#ÔÔ‡XÖXXX\²ÔA€lawyer's€decisionÐ z%*! Ðnot€to€take€preventive€action€permitted€by€paragraph€(b)€does€not€violate€this€Rule.ÌÌÓ  Óò òMandatory€Disclosure€or€Use€of€Information€Relating€to€the€Representationòòó óÐ 8(è $ ÐÓïyÓÌà  àóóò ò[22]ó ó€ò ò[21]€The€Rules€of€Professional€Conduct€in€various€circumstances€permit€or€require€aÐ  *¼"& Ðlawyer€to€disclose€information€relating€to€the€representation.€€See€Rules€2.2,€2.3,€3.3€and€4.1.€InÏaddition€to€these€provisions,€a€lawyer€may€be€obligated€or€permitted€by€other€provisions€of€law€toÏgive€information€about€a€clientó ó.€ò òA€lawyer€must€conduct€his€or€her€practice€in€compliance€with€theÐ Ê,z%) Ðlaw,€including€laws€that€require€the€lawyer€to€reveal€information€relating€to€a€clientððsÐ ´-d&* ÐÑ ú ÑÑ7€\²XXdêXXdê7ÑÑ  Ñrepresentation.€Such€law€may€take€the€form€of€a€statute,€a€regulation€authorized€by€statute,€aÐ P Ðcourt€rule,€or€a€judicial€decision.Ô#†X\²XXXÖRy#ÔÔ‡XÖXXX\²Ô€ó óÔ#†X\²XXXÖ¶}#ÔÔ‡XÖXXX\²Ô€Whether€another€provision€of€law€supersedes€Rule€1.6€is€aÐ :ê Ðmatter€of€interpretation€beyond€the€scope€of€these€Rules,€but€a€presumption€should€exist€againstÏsuch€a€supersession.Ô#†X\²XXXÖü}#ÔÔ‡XÖXXX\²Ôò ò€€A€lawyer€may€refrain€from€making€a€disclosure€if€the€€lawyer€reasonablyÐ  ¾ Ðbelieves,€after€reasonable€inquiry,€that€the€law€in€question€does€not€legally€obligate€the€lawyer€toÏmake€the€disclosure€in€question.€€ó óÐ â ’ ÐÔ#†X\²XXXÖ#ÔÔ‡XÖXXX\²ÔÌà  àò ò[23]ó ó€ò ò[20]ó ó€Ô#†X\²XXXÖD€#ÔÔ‡XÖXXX\²Ôò òA€lawyer€must€also€comply€with€a€lawful€order€of€a€tribunal,€an€administrativeÐ ¶ f Ðor€executive€agency,€or€a€legislative€body.ó ó€€ò òÔ#†X\²XXXÖ©€#ÔÔ‡XÖXXX\²ÔThe€attorney-client€privilege€is€differently€defined€inÐ  P Ðvarious€jurisdictions.ó ó€If€a€lawyer€is€called€as€a€witness€to€give€testimony€concerning€a€client,ò ò€or€isÐ Š:  Ðotherwise€ordered€to€reveal€information€relating€to€the€clientððs€representation,€the€lawyer€must,ó óÐ t$  Ðabsent€ò òwaiver€byó ó€informed€consent€of€the€client€to€do€otherwise,€ò òparagraph€(a)€requires€theÐ ^  Ðlawyer€to€invoke€the€privilege€when€it€is€applicable.ó ó€ò òÔ#†X\²XXXÖ„#ÔÔ‡XÖXXX\²Ôassert€on€behalf€of€the€client€all€non„Ð Hø  Ðfrivolous€claims€that€the€information€sought€is€protected€against€disclosure€by€the€attorney„clientÏprivilege€or€other€applicable€law€[and€exhaust€the€clientððs€rights€to€appeal€adverse€rulings€on€theÏclientððs€claims].€ó óÔ#†X\²XXXÖă#ÔÔ‡XÖXXX\²ÔThe€lawyer€mustò ò,€however,ó ó€comply€with€the€final€order€of€aò ò€court€or€otheró óÐ ¶  Ðtribunal€ò òof€competent€jurisdictionó ó€requiring€the€lawyer€to€provide€information€about€the€client.Ð ð  ÐÔ#†X\²XXXÖ%…#ÔÔ‡XÖXXX\²Ôò òÓ  Óò òÌCompetence€and€Communicationó óó óÐ Ät ÐÓn†ÓÌò òÔ#†X\²XXXÖL†#ÔÔ‡XÖXXX\²Ôà  à[24]€A€lawyer€shall€act€competently€to€safeguard€information€relating€to€theÐ ˜H Ðrepresentation€of€a€client€against€inadvertent€or€unauthorized€disclosure€by€the€lawyer,€by€otherÏpersons€who€are€participating€in€the€representation€of€the€client€and€who€are€subject€to€theÏlawyerððs€supervision,ò ò€ó ó[or€by€any€other€person€to€whom€the€lawyer€has€provided€suchÐ V Ðinformation.]€See€Rules€1.1,€5.1,€and€5.3.€€ó óÐ @ð ÐÌà  àò ò[25]ó ó€ò òWhen€transmitting€a€communication€that€includes€information€relating€to€theÐ Ä Ðrepresentation€of€a€client,€the€lawyer€must€take€reasonable€precautions€to€prevent€it€from€comingÏinto€the€hands€of€unintended€recipients.€€This€duty,€however,€does€not€require€that€the€lawyerÏutilize€extraordinary€security€measures,€such€as€encryption,€if€the€method€of€communicationÏemployed€by€the€lawyeró ó€ò òaffords€a€reasonable€expectation€that€the€communication€will€only€beÐ ¼"l Ðread€or€heard€by€the€intended€recipient€or€persons€whose€access€to€the€information€is€necessaryÏfor€its€transmission€and€can€be€reasonably€expected€to€honor€the€confidentiality€of€theÏcommunication.€Ô#†X\²XXXÖì†#ÔÔ‡XÖXXX\²ÔFactors€to€be€considered€in€determining€the€reasonableness€of€the€lawyerððsÐ z%*! Ðexpectation€of€confidentiality€include€the€sensitivity€of€the€information,€the€extent€to€which€theÏprivacy€of€the€communication€is€protected€by€law€or€by€a€confidentiality€agreement€with€personsÏwhose€access€to€the€information€is€necessary€for€its€transmission,€and€the€likelihood€that€theÏmethod€of€communication€would€operate€as€a€waiver€of€the€attorney„client€privilege.€€In€mostÏcases€a€lawyer€need€not€implement€special€security€measures,€such€as€encryption,€whenÏcommunicating€information€relating€to€the€representation€of€a€client€by€telephone,€cellular€phone,Ïtelegraph,€facsimile€or€electronic€mail.€€€A€client€may,€of€course,€require€the€lawyer€to€implementÏññÑ ú ÑÑ7€ÌçXXdêXXdê7ÑÑ  Ññññ ñÑ ú ÑÑ7€ÌçXXdêXXdê7ÑÑ  ÑÑ ú ÑÑ7€ÌçXXdêXXdê7ÑÑ  Ññ ññ ñÑ ú ÑÑ7€ÌçXXdêXXdê7ÑÑ  Ññ ñspecial€security€measures€not€required€by€this€Rule€and,€conversely,€may€give€informed€consentÏto€the€use€of€a€means€of€communication€that€would€otherwise€be€prohibited€by€this€Rule.€€€€Ð ´-d&* Їà  à[26]€Before€or€within€a€reasonable€time€after€agreeing€to€represent€a€client€in€a€matter,€aÏlawyer€who€has€not€previously€represented€the€client€shall€consult€with€the€client€about€theÏlawyerððs€obligations€to€protect€information€relating€to€the€representation€and€the€circumstances€inÏwhich€the€lawyer€will€be€required€or€permitted€to€reveal€or€use€such€information€to€theÏdisadvantage€of€the€client.€€The€lawyer€must€also€discuss€with€the€client€the€advantages€and€risksÏassociated€with€various€means€of€communicating€information€relating€to€the€representation€of€theÏclient.€€If€the€lawyer€subsequently€has€reason€to€believe€that€a€client€misunderstands€the€extent€toÏwhich€information€relating€to€the€clientððs€representation€is€protected€by€this€Rule,€the€lawyerÏshall€act€reasonably€to€correct€the€misunderstanding.€€See€Rule€1.4€€ó óÔ#†X\²XXXÖã‹#ÔÔ‡XÖXXX\²ÔÐ  P ÐÌÓ  Óò òWithdrawaló óÐ t$  ÐÓæ”ÓÌà  àò ò[27]€ò òó ó[15]ò òó ó€This€Rule€deals€exclusively€with€confidentiality.€€It€does€not€address€whetherÐ Hø  Ðthe€lawyer€will€be€required€or€permitted€to€withdraw€from€the€representation€of€the€client€inÏsituations€in€which€this€Rule€is€implicated.ó ó€€Ifò ò,€however,ó ó€the€lawyer's€services€will€be€used€by€theÐ Ì  Ðclient€in€materially€furthering€a€course€of€criminal€or€fraudulent€conduct,€the€lawyer€mustÏwithdraw,€as€stated€in€Rule€1.16(a)(1).€€ò òAs€provided€in€Rule€1.16(b),€the€lawyer€may€withdraw€ifÐ ð  Ðthe€client€persists€in€a€course€of€conduct€the€lawyer€reasonably€believes€is€criminal€or€fraudulent,Ïhas€used€the€lawyerððs€services€to€perpetrate€crime€or€fraud,€or€insists€on€pursuing€an€objectiveÏthat€the€lawyer€considers€repugnant€or€imprudent.€€A€lawyer€who€discloses€information€relatingÏto€a€clientððs€representation€without€the€clientððs€informed€consent€may€in€some€cases€be€requiredÏby€Rule€1.7€to€withdraw€from€further€representation€of€the€client.€€A€lawyer€who€must€testifyÏabout€his€or€her€representation€of€a€client€may€in€some€cases€be€prohibited€by€Rule€3.7€fromÏserving€as€an€advocate€at€the€clientððs€trial.ó ó€ò ò[16]ó ó€After€withdrawal,€the€ò òlawyerððs€confidentialityÐ V Ðobligations€are€defined€by€Rule€1.9(c)€rather€than€this€Rule.ó ó€€ò òis€required€to€refrain€from€makingÐ @ð Ðdisclosure€of€the€client's€confidences,€except€as€otherwise€provided€in€Rule€1.6.€€Neither€this€rule,ÏRule€1.9(c),€€nor€Rule€1.16(d)€prevents€the€lawyer€from€giving€notice€of€the€fact€of€withdrawal,Ïand€the€lawyer€may€also€withdraw€or€disaffirm€any€opinion,€document,€affirmation,€or€the€like.ÌÌ[22]€The€duty€specified€in€this€rule€of€confidentiality€continues€after€the€client‚„lawyerÏrelationship€has€terminated.ÌÒ°¦Òó óÔ#†X\²XXXÖ±”#ÔÓfæÓÓA†XÐXdXÐXd4AÓÌÓ  Óò òÌReporterððs€Observationsó óÐ "'Ò# ÐÓáœÓÒ°Òò òÓfæÓParagraph€(a):Ð â(’!% ÐÌà  àó óNo€change€from€prior€draft.€Ô‡XÖXXX\²Ô€I€have€not€at€this€time€modified€the€draft€to€incorporate€theÐ º*j#' Ðsuggestion€of€a€member€of€the€Commission€that€we€use€separate€paragraphs€for€the€prohibitionÏagainst€revealing€information€relating€to€the€representation€of€a€client€and€the€prohibition€againstÏuse€of€such€information€to€the€disadvantage€of€the€client.€I€have€no€particular€objection€to€this€Ïproposal.€Another€possibility,€of€course,€would€be€to€return€the€prohibition€against€the€use€ofÐ b.'+ Ðinformation€to€the€disadvantage€of€a€client€to€Rule€1.8€from€whence€it€came.€€€€€ñ ñœñ ñÌñ ñ›ñ ñÌÒ°3ÒÔ#†X\²XXXÖ¥#ÔÒ°ÒÔ‡XÖXXX\²Ôò òParagraph€(b)(1):€ó óÐ $ Ô ÐÌà  àThis€draft€reflects€the€decision€of€the€Commission€in€Montreal€to€delete€the€requirementÏthat€the€death€or€substantial€bodily€harm€be€ð ðimminent.ðð€€It€also€reflects€the€rejection€by€theÏCommission€of€the€requirement€in€ðð117A€of€the€Restatement€of€the€Law€Governing€Lawyers€thatÏthe€death€or€bodily€harm€be€ð ðreasonably€certain.ðð€€I€have€added€two€sentences€to€Comment€[14]Ïthat€reflect€my€understanding€of€the€significance€of€the€new€formulation.Ìà  àÌò òParagraph€(b)(2):€ó óÐ t$  ÐÔ#†X\²XXXÖ\ #Ôò òÌó óÔ‡XÖXXX\²Ôà  àThe€addition€of€paragraph€(b)(2)€reflects€the€decision€made€by€the€Commission€inÐ Jú  ÐMontreal€to€permit€disclosure€to€prevent€the€commission€of€crimes€or€frauds€that€are€likely€toÏresult€in€substantial€injury€to€the€financial€interests€or€property€of€another.€Ô#†X\²XXXÖå¢#ÔÔ‡XÖXXX\²Ô€€The€language€in€thisÐ Î  Ðparagraph€comes€from€the€Kutak€Commissionððs€original€proposal€to€the€ABA€House€ofÏDelegates,€modified€slightly€to€make€it€clear€that€the€lawyer€must€know€that€the€conduct€inÏquestion€is€criminal€or€fraudulent.€€€€€€€ÌÌà  àI€modified€the€Kutak€Commissionððs€draft€so€that€this€exception€would€be€consistent€withÏRule€1.2(d)€that€provides€Ô#†X\²XXXÖG¤#Ôin€pertinent€part€that€ð ða€lawyer€shall€not€counsel€a€client€to€engage,€orÐ šJ Ðassist€a€client€engage€in€conduct€that€the€lawyers€òòknowsóó€is€criminal€or€fraudulent.(emphasisÐ „4 Ðsupplied).€€If€a€lawyer€can€counsel€or€assist€a€client€engage€in€conduct€so€long€as€the€lawyer€doesÏnot€know€the€conduct€to€be€criminal€or€fraudulent,€surely€the€lawyer€should€not€be€allowed€toÏbreach€client€confidentiality€unless€the€lawyer€ð ðknowsðð€the€conduct€to€be€criminal€or€fraudulent.ÌÌ€€€€€€€€€€To€provide€a€basis€for€comparison,€the€Kutak€Commissionððs€original€proposal€(edited€toÏeliminate€references€to€death€and€substantial€bodily€harm€that€were€included€in€the€proposal)€readÏas€follows:€ð ðto€prevent€the€client€from€committing€a€criminal€or€fraudulent€act€that€the€lawyerÏreasonably€believes€is€likely€to€result€in€...€substantial€injury€to€the€financial€interests€or€propertyÏof€another.ðð€€ÌÔ‡XÖXXX\²ÔÌà  àNote€also€paragraph€(b)(2)€is€narrower€than€Roger€Cramtonððs€proposal,€which€permitsÏdisclosure€to€prevent€the€commission€of€a€crime€without€regard€to€whether€the€perpetrator€is€theÏclient.€€My€proposal€limits€disclosure€to€situations€in€which€the€client€will€be€the€perpetrator.€€ÏProfessor€Cramtonððs€proposal€reads:€ð ðto€prevent€commission€of€a€criminal€or€fraudulent€act€thatÏthe€lawyer€reasonably€believes€is€likely€to€result€in€substantial€injury€to€the€financial€interests€orÏproperty€of€another.ðð€€ÌÌÔ#†X\²XXXÖº©#Ôà  àBy€way€of€background€with€respect€to€permitting€disclosure€for€the€purpose€of€preventingÐ ü*¬#' Ðloss€likely€to€be€caused€by€future€criminal€or€fraudulent€conduct,€€ðð€117B€of€the€Restatement€ofÏthe€Law€Governing€Lawyers€only€permits€disclosure€if€the€lawyers€services€were€used€or€will€beÏused€by€the€client€in€furtherance€of€the€crime€or€fraud.€€€The€Chief€Reporter€(Charles€Wolfram),Ð º-j&* Ðhowever,€was€strongly€opposed€to€limiting€disclosure€for€the€purpose€of€preventing€substantialÏfinancial€loss€to€situations€in€which€the€lawyerððs€services€has€been€used€in€furtherance€of€theÏclientððs€crime€or€fraud.€€As€explained€by€Professor€Wolfram,€an€earlier€draft€that€did€not€limitÏdisclosure€to€situations€in€which€the€client€was€using€or€had€used€the€lawyerððs€services€to€commitÏthe€crime€or€fraud€was€premised€on€ð ða€balance€between€protecting€interests€in€clientÏconfidentiality€and€protecting€the€interests€of€society€and€third€persons€against€known€clientÏwrongs.ðð€€The€draft€that€was€eventually€approved€was€premised€ð ðon€concepts€of€waiver€„Ïreflecting€the€judgment€that€the€clientððs€wrongful€abuse€of€the€client„lawyer€relationship€and€theÏconsequent€threat€of€implicating€the€innocent€lawyer€are€both€necessary,€together€with€socialÏinterest€in€preventing€harm,€to€warrant€setting€aside€the€general€rule€of€confidentiality€in€the€caseÏof€financial€harm.ðð€€Ô‡XÖXXX\²ÔEight€jurisdictions€currently€permit€and€three€jurisdictions€currently€requireÐ t$  Ðdisclosure€in€circumstances€involving€crimes€and€non„criminal€frauds€that€are€likely€to€result€inÏsubstantial€injury€to€another€personððs€financial€or€property€interests.€€None€of€these€jurisdictionsÏcondition€disclosure€upon€the€nature€of€the€lawyerððs€involvement€in€the€clientððs€conduct.€ÏTwenty„five€jurisdictions€permit€and€one€requires€a€lawyer€to€reveal€the€intention€of€her€client€toÏcommit€a€crime€without€regard€to€the€amount€of€injury€inflicted€upon€the€intended€victim.€InÏthese€jurisdictions,€however,€a€lawyer€will€not€be€permitted€to€reveal€non„criminal€frauds€even€ifÏthe€fraud€was€likely€to€cause€substantial€injury€to€the€financial€or€property€interests€of€another.€Ô#†X\²XXXÖ¡±#Ô€ItÐ ÚŠ Ðwould€be€my€guess€that€such€jurisdictions€would€be€more€likely€to€expand€their€exception€toÏpermit€disclosure€to€prevent€frauds€than€they€would€be€to€limit€the€exception€to€situations€inÏwhich€the€client€had€used€or€would€be€using€the€lawyerððs€services€in€furtherance€of€a€crime€orÏfraud.€€Ô‡XÖXXX\²ÔRecently€the€drafters€of€the€Draft€Federal€Rules€of€Attorney€Conduct€have€proposed€theÐ ‚2 Ðadoption€of€Rule€2(b)(1)€that€would€permit€a€lawyer€to€reveal€information€relating€to€theÏrepresentation€of€a€client€to€the€extent€the€lawyer€reasonably€believes€necessary€ð ðto€prevent€theÏclient€from€committing€a€criminal€or€fraudulent€act€that€the€lawyer€believes€is€likely€to€result€inÏdeath€or€substantial€bodily€harm,€or€in€substantial€injury€to€anotherððs€financial€interests€orÏproperty.ðð€€Ô#†X\²XXXÖ6¶#ÔThe€current€draft€is€accord€with€the€Kutak€Commission,€the€views€of€ProfessorÐ Ä ÐWolfram,€and€the€Draft€Federal€Rule.Ô‡XÖXXX\²ÔÐ þ® Ѐ€à  àÔ#†X\²XXXÖý¸#ÔÔ‡XÖXXX\²ÔÐ è ˜ Ðò òParagraph€(b)(3):ó óÐ Ò!‚ ÐÌà  àParagraph€(b)(3)€has€been€added€in€response€to€the€Commissionððs€decision€in€Montreal€toÏpermit€disclosure€to€rectify€or€mitigate€the€consequences€of€a€client€crime€or€fraud€in€which€theÏclient€had€used€the€lawyerððs€services.€€The€exception€is€similar€to€the€original€Kutak€CommissionÏproposal,€except€that€the€Kutak€proposal€does€not€refer€to€mitigation,€permits€disclosure€to€rectifyÏthe€consequences€of€a€clientððs€criminal€or€fraudulent€act€without€regard€to€the€magnitude€of€theÏconsequences,€and€does€not€expressly€state€that€the€lawyer€must€know€that€the€client€hasÏcommitted€a€crime€or€fraud.€I€added€the€reference€to€mitigation€so€as€to€permit€disclosure€evenÏthough€full€rectification€is€not€possible.€There€is€such€a€reference€to€mitigation€in€ðð117B(2)€of€theÏRestatement€of€the€Law€Governing€Lawyers.€€I€also€limited€the€applicability€of€this€Rule€toÏsituations€in€which€there€is€substantial€injury€to€be€mitigated€or€rectified.€€ðð117B(2)€of€theÏRestatement€similarly€limits€the€option€to€rectify€or€mitigate€to€situations€involving€substantialÏloss.€€I€added€the€knowledge€requirement€for€the€same€reason€I€added€it€in€paragraph€(b)(2).€€€Ô#†X\²XXXÖb¹#ÔÔ‡XÖXXX\²ÔÐ ´-d&* ÐÔ#†X\²XXXÖ¾#ÔÌà  àBy€way€of€background€with€respect€to€permitting€disclosure€to€mitigate€or€rectifyÏsubstantial€financial€loss€that€has€resulted€from€a€clientððs€crime€or€fraud€in€which€the€lawyerððsÏservices€have€been€used€in€furtherance€of€the€crime€or€fraud,€the€Commission€should€be€awareÏthat€a€rule€permitting€such€disclosure€still€represents€the€minority€view.€€There€are€only€thirteenÏjurisdictions€that€currently€permit€disclosure€to€rectify€the€consequences€of€a€crime€or€fraud€inÏthe€commission€of€which€the€client€used€the€lawyerððs€services.€€Twenty„nine€jurisdictions€do€notÏpermit€such€disclosure.€There€are€also€eight€jurisdictions€in€which€DR€7„102(B)(1)€of€the€ABAÏModel€Code€of€Professional€Responsibility€(or€a€variation€therefore)€remains€in€force.€€InÏpertinent€part€DR€7„102(B)(1)€provides€that€ð ða€lawyer€who€receives€information€clearlyÏestablishing€that€...€his€client€has,€in€the€course€of€the€representation,€perpetrated€a€fraud€upon€aÏperson€...€shall€...€reveal€the€fraud€to€the€affected€person...,€except€when€the€information€isÏprotected€as€a€privileged€communication.ðð€€The€prevailing€interpretation€of€this€Rule,€however,€isÏthat€confidentiality€generally€trumps€disclosure.€€The€Commission€should€also€be€aware€that€theÏKutak€Commissionððs€original€proposal€to€allow€disclosure€for€purposes€of€rectification€wasÏdeleted€from€the€Model€Rules€by€the€House€of€Delegates.€€In€1991€a€proposal€to€add€similarÏlanguage€to€Rule€1.6(b)€was€again€defeated€in€the€House€of€Delegates€by€a€251„158€margin.€€TheÏDraft€Federal€Rules€of€Attorney€Conduct€do€not€permit€disclosure€to€rectify€or€mitigateÏsubstantial€financial€loss.€€€ðð117B€of€the€Restatement€of€the€Law€Governing€Lawyers,€on€theÏother€hand,€allows€disclosure€for€the€purpose€of€mitigating€or€rectifying€substantial€financial€lossÏresulting€from€a€clientððs€crime€or€fraud€in€which€the€client€has€used€the€lawyerððs€services.ÌÔ‡XÖXXX\²ÔÌò òParagraph€(b)(4):ó óÐ l ÐÌà  àThis€was€approved€in€its€current€form€at€our€meeting€in€Montreal.à  àÐ @ð ÐÔ#†X\²XXXÖZÆ#ÔÌà  àThis€provision€finds€support€in€Kershen,€ð ðFurther€Thoughts€on€the€Ethics€of€EthicsÏConsultation,ðð€1997€Symposium€Issue€of€the€Professional€Lawyer€ñ ñœñ ñññ7ñññ ñ›œñ ññ ñ7ñ ññ ñ›ñ ñ€(1997).€€€Professor€KershenÏproposes€the€adoption€of€a€rule€that€would€permit€a€lawyer€to€ð ðreveal€such€information€to€theÏextent€the€lawyer€reasonably€believes€necessary€...€to€consult€a€non„affiliated€lawyer€about€aÏclient€matter€involving€a€bona„fide€ethical€dilemma€so€long€as€the€consulting€lawyer€establishes€aÏconfidential€relationship€with€the€consulted€lawyer.ðð€€Lawyers,€like€others,€may€find€themselvesÏin€need€to€secure€legal€advice€about€the€conduct€of€their€business€or€profession.€€As€long€as€theÏlawyer€protects€the€confidentiality€interests€of€the€client€by€establishing€an€attorney„clientÏrelationship€with€the€consulted€lawyer,€I€do€not€think€a€client€ought€to€be€able€to€preclude€the€Ïlawyer€from€securing€the€advice€of€an€independent€lawyer€about€what€the€lawyer€is€permitted€orÏrequired€to€do,€or€prohibited€from€doing,€€in€connection€with€the€lawyerððs€representation€of€theÏclient.€ÌÌÔ‡XÖXXX\²Ôò òÌParagraph€(b)(5):ó óÐ à+$( ÐÌà  àThis€was€approved€in€its€current€form€at€our€meeting€in€Montreal€Ð ´-d&* ÐÔ#†X\²XXXÖ©Ë#ÔÌà  àParagraph€1.6(b)(5)(i)€permits€such€limited€disclosures€as€are€necessary€to€prevent€theÏinadvertent€disqualification€of€law€firms€because€they€bring€in€a€new€lawyer€without€knowledgeÏthat€the€lawyer€has€a€conflict€of€interest€relative€to€an€existing€client€of€the€firm.€The€exception€isÏcarefully€worded€to€limit€the€exception€to€the€minimum€amount€of€information€need€to€ð ðidentifyððÏconflicts.€€This€would€normally€include€no€more€than€the€identity€of€clients€represented€and€aÏgeneral€statement€of€the€nature€of€the€representation.€€Such€information€is€information€relating€toÏthe€clientððs€representation.€€€Consequently,€unless€we€want€to€require€lawyers€to€ask€their€clientsÏfor€permission€to€make€these€disclosures,€an€exception€is€needed.€€€A€lawyer€should€not,Ïhowever,€be€permitted€to€make€such€a€disclosure€without€client€consent€if€it€would€materiallyÏdisadvantage€the€client.€€ÌÔ‡XÖXXX\²Ôò òÌó óÔ#†X\²XXXÖ Ð#Ôà  àParagraph€1.6(b)(5)(ii)€finds€support€in€Arkansasðð€Rule€1.6(c)€that€provides:€ð ðNeither€thisÐ Hø  ÐRule€nor€Rule€1.8€(b)€prevents€the€lawyer€from€giving€notice€of€the€fact€of€withdrawal€....€ð ð€ThisÏlanguage€is€taken€from€Comment€[16]€of€the€Model€Rule.Ìà  àÌà  à€Paragraph€1.6(b)(5)(iii)€takes€an€intermediate€position€between€New€Yorkððs€ÌDR€4„101(c)(5)€and€Arkansasððs€Rule€1.6(c).€€The€New€York€rule€provides€that€ð ðA€lawyer€mayÏreveal€...€confidences€and€secrets€to€the€extent€implicit€in€withdrawing€a€written€or€oral€opinionÏor€representation€previously€given€by€the€lawyer€and€believed€by€the€lawyer€still€to€be€relied€onÏby€a€third€person€where€the€lawyer€has€discovered€that€the€opinion€or€representation€was€basedÏon€materially€inaccurate€information€or€is€being€used€to€further€a€crime€or€fraud.ðð€€The€€ArkansasÏrule€more€broadly€states€that€a€lawyer€ð ðmay€...€withdraw€or€disaffirm€any€opinion,€document,Ïaffirmation€or€the€like.ðð€€This€language€is€taken€from€Comment€[16]€of€the€current€Model€Rule.€ÏThis€issue€is€also€addressed€in€ABA€Formal€Ethics€Opinion€92„366.€€€€€ÌÔ‡XÖXXX\²Ôò òÌParagraph€(b)(6):à ¸ àó óÐ Ä ÐÌà  àThis€was€approved€in€its€current€form€at€our€meeting€in€Montreal.ÌÔ#†X\²XXXÖÎÔ#Ôò òÌParagraph€(c):ÌÌà  àó óI€have€reformulated€paragraph€(c)€to€track€the€wording€in€Roger€Cramtonððs€proposal.ò òÐ –$F  ÐÌComment€[1]:€ÌÌà  àó óComment€ñ ñœñ ñññ[ññ1ññ]ñññ ñ›ñ ñ€replaces€Model€Rule€Comments€[1],€[2],€[3],€and€[4].€I€think€the€firstÐ D(ô $ ÐComment€should€be€a€concise€statement€of€the€reason€for€the€rule.€€I€think€the€proposedÏComment€[1]€is€more€forceful€than€the€Model€Rule€comments.€€In€the€the€interest€of€shorteningÏthe€Comment,€I€have€deleted€the€two€sentences€in€the€prior€draft€that€explained€how€the€RuleÏprotects€the€autonomy€of€the€client€to€control€the€dissemination€of€information€about€the€clientððsÏaffairs.€ÌÐ À-p&* Ðò òComment€[2]:€ó óÐ P ÐÌà  àComment€[2]€is€new.€€I€think€this€cross„reference€to€Rule€1.9(c)€and€our€forthcoming€ruleÏspecifying€the€confidentiality€obligations€owed€by€a€lawyer€to€a€prospective€client€is€importantÏbecause€the€lawyerððs€duties€differ.€ÌÌò òComment€[3]:ó óÐ Î ~ ЀÌà  àComment€[3]€is€a€modification€of€Model€Rule€Comment€[5].€€Its€purpose€is€to€explain€theÏRuleððs€reference€to€ð ðinformation€relating€to€the€representation€of€a€clientðð€and€how€suchÏinformation€relates€to€information€protected€by€the€attorney„client€privilege€and€the€work„productÏrule.€€If€the€Commission€is€ñ ñœñ ñinclinedññ€toñññ ñ›ñ ñ€approve€additional€commentary€about€this€issue,€I€wouldÏrecommend€adding€a€new€comment€intended€to€provide€an€analytical€framework€for€determiningÏwhether€information€possessed€by€a€lawyer€constitutes€information€relating€to€the€lawyerððsÏrepresentation€of€a€client.€€The€Comment€would€ñ ñœñ ñreadññ:ñññ ñ›ñ ñÌÌÔ‡XÖXXX\²Ô[€€€]€If€there€is€an€arguable€question€whether€particular€information€relates€to€a€lawyerððsÐ ô¤ Ðrepresentation€of€a€client,€it€must€be€resolved€by€reference€to€the€clientððs€reasonable€expectationsÏfor€confidentiality€and€loyalty,€taking€into€account€the€nature€and€sensitivity€of€the€information,Ïthe€relevance€of€the€information€to€the€subject€matter€of€the€lawyerððs€representation,€and€theÏcircumstances€surrounding€the€lawyerððs€acquisition€of€the€information,€including€the€source€ofÏthe€information,€the€lawyerððs€role€in€the€acquisition€of€the€information,€and€whether€theÏinformation€was€acquired€prior€to€or€during€the€lawyerððs€representation€of€the€client.€€Ô#†X\²XXXÖlÜ#Ôò òÐ p  ÐÒ°N Òó óÒ°~ ÒÒ#Þ°ÒÔ‡XÖXXX\²Ôò òÌó óÔ#†X\²XXXÖºß#Ôò òÒ°¨ßÒComment€[4]:€Ð Dô ÐÌà  àó óAlthough€taken€in€part€from€Comment€[2]€to€Model€Rule€1.13€and€in€part€from€CommentÐ Ì Ð[17]€to€Model€Rule€1.6,€this€Comment€is€basically€new.€€Its€purpose€is€to€explain€how€Rule€1.6Ïapplies€to€organizational€clients.€€A€member€of€the€Commission€has€suggested€that€the€discussionÏin€Comment€[4]€should€be€placed€in€a€comment€to€Rule€1.13.€€I€think€the€application€of€Rule€1.6Ïto€the€representation€of€organizational€clients€is€sufficiently€important€that€it€warrants€aÏComment€in€Rule€1.6.€The€second€and€third€sentences€come€from€Comment€[2]€to€Rule€1.13.€€IÏthink€the€only€question€for€the€Commission€is€whether€to€retain€or€delete€this€Comment.ÌÌò òÔ‡XÖXXX\²ÔComment€[5]:Ð l&" Ðó óÌà  àComment€[5]€is€new€and€offers€an€explanation€of€the€prohibition€against€revealingÏinformation€relating€to€the€representation€of€a€ñ ñœñ ñclient.ñ ñ›ñ ñ€€Of€particular€significance€is€its€articulationÏof€a€standard€to€be€used€in€determining€when€a€lawyer€may€use€hypotheticals€based€onÏinformation€relating€to€the€representation€of€a€client€without€having€ð ðrevealedðð€the€underlyingÏinformation.€€I€think€this€is€an€issue€that€deserves€attention€in€a€Comment.€€ÌÌò òComment€[6]:€€ó óÐ ¼-l&* Ðà  àÌà  àComment€[6]€is€new€and€offers€an€explanation€of€the€prohibition€against€usingÏinformation€to€the€reasonably€likely€disadvantage€of€a€client.€€Per€a€suggestion€of€a€member€ofÏthe€Commission,€the€last€three€sentences€in€Comment€[6]€attempt€to€make€clear€that€a€lawyer€canÏdisadvantage€a€client€by€using€information€relating€to€the€clientððs€representation€to€take€aÏbusiness€opportunity€in€circumstances€in€which€the€law€of€agency€gives€the€client€a€right€of€firstÏrefusal.€€ÌÌò òComment€[7]:€ó óÐ  P ÐÌà  àComment€[7]€is€new€and€explains€the€significance€of€the€lack€of€general€prohibitionÏagainst€a€lawyer€using€information€relating€to€a€clientððs€representation€to€the€advantage€of€theÏlawyer€or€a€third€party.€Ô#†X\²XXXÖæâ#Ô€Does€the€Commission€think€that€this€Comment€should€be€supplementedÐ Hø  Ðwith€some€examples€of€uses€to€the€advantage€of€a€lawyer€or€a€third€person€that€are€permitted€byÏvirtue€of€Rule€1.6's€silence€on€the€subject?€ÌÌò òÔ‡XÖXXX\²ÔComment€[8]:ó óÔ#†X\²XXXÖCé#ÔÐ ð  Ðò òÌó óà  àComment€[8]€is€new€and€relates€to€informed€consent.€€Ô‡XÖXXX\²ÔI€think€it€is€a€good€idea€to€provideÐ Æv Ðlawyers€with€some€specific€guidance€about€some€information€that€the€client€must€always€have€inÏorder€for€a€consent€to€the€disclosure€of€confidential€information€to€be€informed.€€ÌÌò òComment€[9]:ó óÐ n ÐÌà  àComment€[9]€is€new€and€addresses€the€effectiveness€of€a€clientððs€advance€consent€toÏfuture€disclosures€or€adverse€use€of€information€relating€to€the€clientððs€representation.€ÏSubstantively,€the€discussion€of€advance€consent€is€consistent€with€ABA€Formal€Ethics€OpinionÏ93„372's€treatment€of€anticipatory€waivers€of€€future€conflicts€of€interest,€but€goes€beyond€thatÏopinion€and€explicitly€permits€a€lawyer€to€rely€on€a€clientððs€advance€consent€to€the€disclosure€orÏadverse€use€of€information€relating€to€a€clientððs€representation€so€long€as€the€consent€wasÏinformed€in€the€sense€that€the€circumstances€as€eventually€materialized€were€specifically€withinÏthe€contemplation€of€the€client€at€the€time€the€consent€was€obtained.€Ô#†X\²XXXÖñé#Ô€If€advanced€consent€isÐ ¨#X Ðeventually€addressed€more€globally€in€Rule€1.4,€this€Comment€might€be€modified.€€ÌÌò òComment€[10]:Ð f&" Ðó óÌà  àComment€[10]€adds€a€sentence€to€Model€Rule€Comment€[7]ððs€discussion€of€impliedlyÏauthorized€disclosures€that€explains€that€implied€authority€does€not€extend€to€disclosures€ofÏinformation€that€present€a€significant€risk€that€the€client€might€be€substantially€disadvantaged€byÏthe€disclosure€in€question.ðð€€€I€have€referred€to€ð ðsubstantial€disadavantageðð€rather€than€ð ðmaterialÏdisadvantageðð€so€that€this€Comment€will€not€be€inconsistent€with€the€position€in€Comment€b€toÏðð113€of€the€Restatement€of€the€Law€Governing€Lawyers€that€allows€lawyers€to€revealÏconfidential€information€without€client€consent€if€the€lawyer€reasonably€believes€that€doing€soÐ ¸-h&* Ðwill€advance€the€interests€of€the€client€even€though€doing€so€may€entail€a€risk€that€the€client€mayÏbe€materially€disadvantaged€by€the€disclosure.€€I€agree€with€that€view.€€When€the€ante€goes€up,Ïhowever,€and€there€is€significant€risk€of€substantial€disadvantage€associated€with€a€disclosure€ofÏconfidential€information,€I€think€the€lawyer€should€be€required€to€secure€the€informed€consent€ofÏthe€client.€€ñ ñœñ ñÌñ ñ›ñ ñÌò òComment€[11]:ó óÐ Ì | ÐÌà  àComment€[11]€supplements€Model€Rule€Comment€[8]€with€a€need„to„know€restriction€onÏimpliedly€authorized€disclosures€to€co„counsel€and€temporary€lawyers€who€are€participating€inÏthe€representation€of€a€client€of€a€law€firm€with€which€they€are€not€ð ðassociated.ðð€€There€is€noÏneed„to„know€restriction€on€impliedly€authorized€disclosures€among€lawyers€associated€in€a€firm.€ÏÌò òComment€[12]:Ð 4ä  ÐÌó óà  àComment€[12]€is€new€and€explains€the€application€of€Rule€1.6€to€the€joint€representationÐ  ¼  Ðof€multiple€clients€by€a€single€lawyer.€Comment€[12]€is€generally€in€accord€Ô‡XÖXXX\²Ôwith€Comment€òòlóó€toÐ ö¦ Ððð112€of€the€Restatement€of€the€Law€Governing€Lawyers€(Proposed€Final€Draft€No.€1,€May€29,Ï1996),€except€for€that€portion€of€comment€òòlóó€to€ðð112Ô#†X\²XXXÖåõ#ÔÔ‡XÖXXX\²Ô€that€deals€with€the€confidentiality€obligationsÐ Êz Ðof€a€lawyer€who€is€€required€to€withdraw€from€a€joint€representation€because€one€of€the€jointlyÏrepresented€clients€refuses€to€permit€the€lawyer€to€reveal€information€that€other€co„clients€need€toÏknow.€€Comment€òòlóó€permits€not€only€a€warning€to€the€affected€co„client€ð ðthat€a€matter€seriouslyÐ ˆ8 Ðand€adversely€affecting€that€personððs€interests€has€come€to€light,€which€the€other€co„client€refusesÏto€permit€the€lawyer€to€disclose,ðð€but€also€confers€upon€the€lawyer€ð ðthe€further€discretion€toÏinform€the€affected€co„client€of€the€specific€communication€if,€in€the€lawyerððs€reasonableÏjudgment,€the€immediacy€and€magnitude€of€the€risk€to€the€affected€co„client€outweigh€the€interestÏof€the€communicating€client€in€continued€secrecy.ðð€€€The€illustrations€make€clear€that€theÏlawyerððs€discretion€in€this€regard€is€broader€than€would€be€the€case€if€the€affected€person€was€notÏa€co„client.€€To€distinguish€this€from€a€ð ðnoisy€withdrawal,ðð€I€would€call€this€a€withdrawal€with€ð ðaÏbig€bang.ðð€€Comment€[12]€does€not€so€broaden€the€lawyerððs€discretion€to€reveal€one€co„clientððsÏconfidences€in€order€to€protect€the€interests€of€other€co„clients.€€Unless€the€lawyer€is€permitted€orÏrequired€to€make€the€disclosure€in€question€by€one€of€the€generally€applicable€exceptions€in€RuleÏ1.6(b)€or€(c),€the€lawyer€cannot€make€a€ð ðbig€bangðð€in€connection€with€the€lawyerððs€withdrawalÏfrom€a€joint€representation€of€multiple€clients.€The€core€issue€for€the€Commission€to€resolve€isÏwhether€traditional€confidentiality€norms€should€be€modified€when€lawyers€undertake€the€jointÏrepresentation€of€multiple€clients.€€€Should€the€lawyerððs€implied€authority€to€reveal€informationÏamong€the€jointly€represented€clients€be€broadened€to€include€information€that€would€materiallyÏdisadvantage€one€of€the€co„clients?€€Should€there€be€a€special€rule€that€permits€a€lawyer€toÏñ ñœñ ñdisclose€toñ ñ›ñ ñ€one€co„clientððs€confidential€information€to€protect€the€interests€of€another€co„client€inÏsituations€in€which€such€disclosure€would€not€be€permitted€to€protect€the€interests€of€a€personÏwho€is€not€a€co„client?€€€I€have€answered€these€questions€in€the€negative.€€If€the€CommissionÏfavors€an€affirmative€answer,€I€think€the€answer€belongs€in€the€Rule€rather€than€in€a€Comment.€€ÌÔ#†X\²XXXÖìö#Ô€€Ð º-j&* Ðò òComment€[13]:€ó óÐ P ÐÌà  àComment€[13]€is€new€and€explains€the€application€of€Rule€1.6€to€ð ðcommon€interestÏarrangementsðð€between€individuals€each€of€whom€is€ñ ñœñ ñrepresented€byñ ñ›ñ ñ€their€own€lawyer.€ThisÏComment€Ô‡XÖXXX\²Ôincorporates€the€holding€in€ABA€Formal€Ethics€Opinion€95„395€(Obligations€of€aÐ ú ª ÐLawyer€Who€Formerly€Represented€A€Client€in€Connection€with€a€Joint€Defense€Consortium).ÏThe€bracketed€language€contemplates€a€new€rule€articulating€the€duties€of€a€lawyer€to€a€non„¼client€who€confidentially€provides€to€a€lawyer€information€that€is€related€to€the€lawyerððsÏrepresentation€of€a€client.€€€€€€€Ì€à  àÔ#†X\²XXXÖ£#Ô€€ò òÐ Œ<  ÐComment€[14]:ÌÌà  àó óComment€[14]€effectively€replaces€Model€Rule€Comments€[9]€and€[13]€and€explainsÐ Nþ  ÐParagraph€(b)(1)ððs€permission€to€reveal€client€inforamtion€to€prevent€death€or€substantial€bodilyÏharm.€ÌÌà  àThe€questions€for€the€Commissionððs€review€are:€ÌÌà  àShould€substantial€bodily€harm€be€explained€as€including€ð ðlife€threatening€andÏdebilitating€illness,€such€as€cancer€and€AIDS?ðð€€ÌÌà  àShould€substantial€bodily€harm€be€explained€as€including€ð ðthe€consequences€of€childÏsexual€abuse?ððÌÌà  à€Should€substantial€bodily€harm€be€explained€as€including€ð ðthe€consequences€of€wrongfulÏimprisonment?ðð€€The€Commission€has€previously€decided€not€to€permit€disclosure€to€prevent€orÏrectify€the€wrongful€incarceration€of€a€person.€€I€do€not€think€this€issue€should€be€reopened€by€€Ïadding€Comment€language€suggesting€that€wrongful€imprisonment€is€likely€to€result€in€death€orÏsubstantial€bodily€harm.€€The€prospect€of€a€wrongful€execution,€of€course,€would€trigger€the€rightÏto€disclose€for€the€purpose€of€preventing€death,€but€I€do€not€think€we€can€proceed€on€theÏassumption€that€imprisonment€is€likely€to€result€in€substantial€bodily€harm.€€€The€CommissionÏshould€be€aware,€however,€the€Comment€òòc€óóto€ðð117A€of€the€Restatement€of€the€Law€GoverningÐ ¬#\ ÐLawyers€includes€within€the€meaning€of€ð ðserious€bodily€harmðð€the€ð ðconsequences€of€such€eventsÏas€imprisonment€for€a€substantial€period.ðð€€€If€the€Commission€wants€to€reconsider€ñ ñœñ ñitsñ ñ›ñ ñ€decisionÏwith€respect€to€dislcosure€to€prevent€or€rectify€wrongful€incarceration,€I€think€it€should€do€so€inÏthe€Rule€itself€and€not€through€strained€commentary€about€substantial€bodily€harm€being€aÏconsequence€of€incarceration.€€€€€ÌÌà  àThe€second€to€the€last€sentence€provides€that€Ô‡XÖXXX\²Ôð ðthe€lawyer€must€reasonably€believe€that€aÐ *Æ"& Ðperson€is€likely€to€die€or€suffer€substantial€bodily€harm€unless€the€lawyer€reveals€informationÏotherwise€protected€by€this€Rule.ððÔ#†X\²XXXÖô #Ô€Does€this€statement€accurately€and€adequately€describe€whatÐ ê+š$( Ðthe€Commission€had€in€mind€when€it€deleted€the€requirement€that€death€or€substantial€ñ ñœñ ñbodilyÏharmñ ñ›ñ ñ€be€ð ðimminentðð€or€did€not€replace€that€requirement€with€the€Restatementððs€requirement€thatÐ ¾-n&* Ðthe€death€or€harm€be€ð ðreasonably€certain?ðð€€Ìò òÌComment€[15]:ÌÌà  àó óComment€[15]€is€new€and€explains€paragraph€1.6(b)(2)ððs€grant€of€permission€to€discloseÐ þ ® Ðclient€information€to€the€extent€necessary€to€prevent€client€crimes€and€frauds€that€are€likely€toÏcause€substantial€economic€loss.€€The€last€two€sentences€are€intended€to€alert€the€lawyer€to€theÏfour€distinct€questions€the€lawyer€must€ask€answer€enroute€to€a€determination€ñ ñœñ ñthatñ ñ›ñ ñ€disclosure€isÏpermitted€by€paragraph€1.6(b)(2).€€€I€would€like€the€Commission€to€confirm€the€accuracy€of€thisÏoutline€of€the€issues€that€must€be€addressed€by€a€lawyer€who€is€considering€revealing€clientÏinformation€to€prevent€a€client€crime€or€fraud.€€€€€Ìò òÌComment€[16]:ÌÌó óà  àComment€[16]€is€new€and€explains€paragraph€1.6(b)(3)ððs€grant€of€permission€to€revealÐ (Ø  Ðclient€information€to€the€extent€necessary€to€rectify€substantial€loss€resulting€from€a€clientððsÏcrime€or€fraud€in€the€furtherance€of€which€the€client€had€used€the€lawyerððs€service.ò ò€€ó óÔ‡XÖXXX\²ÔTheÐ ü¬ ÐCommission€should€carefully€review€the€portion€of€the€Comment€which€offers€some€explanationÏas€to€when€a€client€will€have€used€the€lawyerððs€services€to€further€the€commisison€of€the€clientððsÏcrime€or€fraud.€€€This€Comment€is€consistent€with€discussion€of€the€clientððs€ð ðuseðð€of€a€lawyerððsÏservices€in€a€crime€or€fraud€as€found€in€Comment€òòe€óóto€ðð117B€of€the€Restatement€of€the€LawÐ ¦V ÐGoverning€Lawyers.€€€€€Ô#†X\²XXXÖ|#Ôò òÐ @ ÐÌà  àó óComments€[15]€and€[16]€replace€Model€Rule€Comments€[10],€[11]€and€[12]€thatÐ f Ðexplained€Rule€1.2(d)ððs€prohibition€against€assisting€a€client€commit€a€crime€or€fraud.€€€€€€Ìñ ñœñ ñÌñ ñ›ñ ñÌò òComment€[17]:€ó óÐ  ¾ ÐÌà  àComment€[17]€is€new€and€explains€paragraph€1.6(b)(4)ððs€grant€of€permisison€to€a€lawyerÏto€reveal€client€information€to€the€extent€necessary€to€secure€legal€advice€about€the€lawyerððsÏpersonal€legal€and€professional€responsibilities€in€connection€with€the€representation€of€theÏclient.€Ìò òÌComment€[18]:ÌÌó óà  àComment€[18]€is€new€and€sets€forth€in€very€general€terms€the€rational€for€the€exceptionsÐ P(!$ Ðin€paragraph€1.6(b)(5).€€€ÌÌò òComment€[19]:ó óÐ +¾#' ÐÌà  àComment€[19]€is€identical€to€Model€Rule€Comment€[18].ÌÐ Î-~&* Ðò òComment€[20]:ó óÐ P ÐÌà  àComment€[20]€is€identical€to€Model€Rule€Comment€[19].Ìò òÌComment€[21]:€€ÌÌà  àó óComment€[21]€is€substantially€similar€to€Model€Rule€Comment€[14]Ô‡XÖXXX\²Ô.Ð Ô „ ÐÌò òComment€[22]:€ó óÐ ¨X ÐÌà  àComment€[22]€is€a€revision€of€Model€Rule€Comment€[21].€The€most€important€sentenceÏin€Comment€[22]€is€the€last€sentence€that€reads:€ð ðA€lawyer€may€refrain€from€making€a€disclosureÏif€the€lawyer€ò òreasonably€believesó ó,€after€reasonable€inquiry,€that€the€law€in€question€does€notÐ P  Ðlegally€obligate€the€lawyer€to€make€the€disclosure.ðð€The€key€issue€here€is€whether€we€shouldÏpermit€the€lawyer€to€remain€silent€ð ðif€the€lawyer€has€ò òa€non„frivolousó ó€reason€for€believing€that€theÐ $Ô  Ðlaw€in€question€does€not€legally€obligate€the€lawyer€to€make€the€disclosure.ððÌÌñ ñœñ ñò òCommentñ ñ›ñ ñ€[23]:ó óÐ â’ ÐÌà  àComment€[23]€is€a€revision€of€Model€Rule€Comment€[20].€€The€only€substantiveÏdifference€relates€to€the€requirement€in€Comment€[23]€that€the€lawyer€exhaust€all€rights€to€appealÏadverse€rulings€denying€a€claim€of€privilege€made€in€response€to€a€court€order€to€revealÏinformation€relating€to€a€clientððs€representation.€The€appropriateness€of€this€requirement€wasÏquestioned€by€a€member€of€the€Commission€prior€to€our€January€meeting€in€Nashville.€€TheÏmember€thought€that€the€decision€whether€to€appeal€a€decision€denying€a€claim€of€privilegeÏshould€remain€a€matter€of€practical€judgment€rather€than€an€ethical€requirement.€The€CommentÏas€currently€drafted€would€require€the€lawyer€to€impress€upon€the€client€the€practical€reasons€forÏnot€pursuing€an€appeal€and€secure€the€clientððs€consent€to€forego€the€appeal€and€make€theÏdisclosures€in€question.€€Deleting€the€reference€to€the€appeal€in€the€Comment€would€leave€theÏissue€to€be€resolved€under€Rule€1.2€„€the€issue€being€whether€the€lawyer€or€the€client€has€theÏauthority€to€determine€whether€to€take€an€interlocutory€appeal€from€an€adverse€decision€rejectingÏthe€clientððs€invocation€of€the€attorney„client€privilege.€€€Because€of€the€professionððs€generalÏpolicy€of€allocating€to€the€client€the€authority€to€make€decisions€about€the€disclosure€ofÏconfidential€information,€I€think€the€final€call€on€whether€to€undertake€a€non„frivolous€appeal€ofÏan€adverse€judgment€on€a€privilege€question€should€be€made€by€the€client€after€consultation€withÏthe€lawyer.€€Thus€I€prefer€the€Comment€as€currently€formulated.€€€Ì€Ô#†X\²XXXÖê#ÔÔ‡XÖXXX\²ÔÐ @(ð $ ÐÔ#†X\²XXXÖI!#ÔÔ‡XÖXXX\²Ôò òComment€[24]:ó óÐ *)Ú!% ÐÌà  àÔ#†X\²XXXÖ !#ÔColorado,€D.C.,€Georgia,€Iowa,€Maine,€Michigan,€Minnesota,€Nebraska,€New€York,Ð þ*®#' ÐOhio,€Oregon,€Virginia,€Vermont€have€retained€the€formulation€that€was€contained€in€ABAÏModel€Code€DR€4„101(D):€ð ðA€lawyer€shall€exercise€reasonable€care€to€prevent€the€lawyerððsÏñ ñœñ ñemployees,ñ ñ›ñ ñ€associates€and€other€whose€services€are€utilized€by€the€lawyer€from€disclosing€orÐ ¼-l&* Ðusing€such€information,€except€that€the€lawyer€may€reveal€the€information€allowed€by€paragraphsÏ(b)€and€(c)€through€such€persons.ðð€€I€modified€this€formulation€to€conform€to€the€structure€of€theÏModel€Rules.€€Ô‡XÖXXX\²Ô€€Ð $ Ô ÐÌà  àA€member€of€the€Commission€has€recommended€the€deletion€of€the€bracketed€referenceÏto€ð ðany€other€person€to€whom€the€lawyer€has€provided€such€information.ðð€€The€concern€is€that€itÏis€unrealistic€to€expect€a€lawyer€to€monitor€the€conduct€persons€to€whom€confidentialÏinformation€is€given.€€I€do€not€think,€however,€that€exercise€of€reasonable€care€would€requireÏmonitoring.€€But€it€probably€would€require€that€the€lawyer€secure€from€the€recipient€a€promise€toÏmaintain€the€confidentiality€of€the€information€provided€by€the€lawyer.ÌÌò òComment€[25]:Ð ^  Ðó óÌà  àComment€[25]€is€new€and€addresses€how€the€lawyerððs€duty€of€care€and€confidentialityÏintersect€in€connection€with€the€means€a€lawyer€might€use€to€transmit€confidential€information.€€ÏI€have€taken€a€case„by„case€approach€with€a€tilt€in€favor€of€allowing€use€of€ñ ñœñ ññ ññ ñœñ ññ ññ ñœñ ñunencryptedñ ñ›ñ ññ ññ ñ›ñ ññ ññ ñ›ñ ñ€e„mail€inÏthe€ordinary€course€of€lawyer„client€communications.€€I€believe€this€comment€is€consistent€withÏthe€trend€in€recent€Ethics€Committee€decisions€addressing€the€use€of€e„mail€and€with€the€May€21,Ï1998€Discussion€Draft€of€the€Report€of€the€Lawyer€Business€Ethics€Committeeððs€Task€Force€onÏE„Mail€Privacy€that€was€provided€to€the€Commission€in€Montreal.€The€comment€leaves€open€theÏpossibility€that€extraordinary€security€measures€may€be€required€in€some€cases€in€which€theÏmeans€of€communication€used€in€a€particular€situation€would€not€afford€the€lawyer€aÏð ðreasonableðð€expectation€of€privacy.€€€Comment€[26]€also€requires€the€lawyer€to€discuss€theseÏmatters€with€the€client€at€the€outset€of€the€representation.€€€€Ô#†X\²XXXÖŒ$#ÔÔ‡XÖXXX\²ÔÐ V ÐÔ#†X\²XXXÖ‚+#ÔÔ‡XÖXXX\²ÔÌÔ#†X\²XXXÖÙ+#ÔÔ‡XÖXXX\²Ôò òComment€[26]:ó óÐ *Ú ÐÌà  àComment€[26]€is€new.€€I€am€not€aware€of€any€jurisdiction€that€has€adopted€such€aÏprovision.€€The€idea€for€such€a€requirement€comes€from€Pizzamente,€ð ðThe€Lawyerððs€Duty€ToÏWarn€Clients€About€The€Limits€Of€Confidentiality,ðð€39€Catholic€U.L.€Rev.€441€(1990).€€TheÏauthorððs€conclusion€is€that€a€failure€to€so€warn€or€consult€with€a€client€about€limitations€would€beÏunethical€and€might€constitute€actionable€malpractice.€€Such€consultation€may€already€beÏrequired€by€Rule€1.4.€€ÌÔ#†X\²XXXÖ,#ÔÔ‡XÖXXX\²ÔÌÔ#†X\²XXXÖy.#ÔÔ‡XÖXXX\²Ôò òComment€[27]:ó óÐ d&" ÐÌÔ#†X\²XXXÖ¼.#ÔÔ‡XÖXXX\²Ôà  àThis€Comment€combines€Model€Rule€Comments€[15]€and€[16]€in€a€single€CommentÐ 8(è $ Ðintended€to€draw€the€lawyerððs€attention€to€the€withdrawal€issues€that€can€become€entangled€withÏconfidentiality€issues.€€€Its€primary€purpose€is€to€distinguish€the€withdrawal€issues€from€theÏconfidentiality€issues€and€provide€cross„references€to€the€pertinent€Rules.€€€Ô#†X\²XXXÖ'/#ÔÔ‡XÖXXX\²Ô€€€€€Ð ö*¦#' ÐÒ°–ßÒÔ#†X\²XXXÖå0#ÔÓfæDÓ