ÿWPC »Ñu“¤‡ÛŒuÈg¥q|ú\Ý™öøkqΈ^áZ¯Aaâ!$ƒ¢ÿ¹³:Šµ3^Ýþ»o®»$)úÈ ÙÖÑ—Í‚$Ã}ÎP+áRˆY‹n=NØÞÔÈír÷Qóý†ØÇÔ|ÀKóÃ<+‡OèÕëKœp°ã‡ÆŠœ2!èJkKδ,ÖÝxÆ"¾—àé̾çÏWâyA7Ã@À­©wzx‡ö eóé| [bÞ˜£hÛÆOLQ%: "ŠP¡{0³¯ Š  ¯D>æñ:gö0Ökw°vßu¨=Uœ,A›¼4QŠOt¿À<ûŒ¼›8îÕoÚ\xi·#sù¾lA_üì/Åðf€ ŽIÝ{Uùž¨ÙØw`ÞcSH6AèºZ‚5ÄäôÂ1iËo°%¤ ("TE~gÿ J§±×«·4( ÆˆÐwzvƒÚˆO9¡EÀ­-è ©àFuÄíšûretÈöXN@‰Õÿ~„¶ 8Ô†Hb íÕ[s€­Ë9s¯‰²·r$Nºc­ÖO×ÏwÑÙÅig Šc»ï%Z—=®py-tסã×HX‘Ž*Ú¸"ù2ÈKJ]ÐáGøŸP¡ð?süpK¤# àU$Në %9 0(?U@gw@§4çû UBU NT 1m¢ 0cUNrUNÀ˜\\ARISTOTLE\541_14_CPR02_HP5SI_PSWINSPOOLÆÜÜÎÎÜÆÜ0 (ÈhH  Z 6Times New Roman RegularX($¡¡*Ͼ¦ `(CG TimesScalable Ò Ó DÔ DÕ Ö D× Ó€Ø Ù Ú EÛ E’$%@1dx3|xÛ ô\  `*Times New RomanTT(  Z ‹6Times New Roman Regular #-e37=CIQYag­­1.a.i.(1)(a)(i)1)a)(;3»$´´Ô2-eÔÚ  Ú0Ú  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0  à(ÈhH  Z 6Times New Roman Regular(ÈhH  Z 6Times New Roman RegularÝ ƒ!ÝÝ  ÝÑ#°ÑÒÀ°ÒÑÀ°ÑÓ  ÓÑ7€‡XXdìdÈ7Ñ9/16/98›Ð À ÐPROPOSED€RULE€1.6€„€œ5th›€DraftÌœÓEÓÓ  Ófor€discussion€in€Chicago,€September€27€and€28,€1998›ÌÓÖÓà@tt)tàœˆÌÓ  ÓConfidentiality›€of€InformationÌÓ=ÓÔ‡X‡XXXÔò òÌÒ°ÀÒÔ#†X‡XXX‡y#ÔÔ‡X‡XXX‡Ô(a)€A€lawyer€shall€not€reveal€information€relating€to€representation€of€a€client€unless€the€clientÐ H ˆ Ðconsents€after€consultation,€except€for€disclosures€that€are€impliedly€authorized€in€order€to€carryÏout€the€representation,€and€except€as€stated€in€paragraph€(b).Ô#†X‡XXX‡Í#ÔÔ‡X‡XXX‡Ôó óÐ  ` Ðà  àÔ#†X‡XXX‡(#ÔÌÓ=‡‡ÐXdÐd=Ó(a)€€A€lawyer€shall€not€reveal€information€relating€to€the€representation€of€a€client,€ò òand€shall€not€Ð ø 8  Ðuse€such€information€to€the€clientððs€disadvantage,ó ó€unlessò ò€ó óthe€client€ò ògives€informed€consent,€ó óÐ ä $  Ðò òthe€disclosure€or€use€is€ó óimpliedly€authorized€in€order€to€carry€out€the€representation,€or€ò òtheÐ Ð  Ðdisclosure€or€use€is€permitted€byó ó€paragraph€(b)€ò òor€required€by€paragraph€(c).ó óÐ ¼ü  ÐÌ(b)€A€lawyer€may€reveal€or€use€information€relating€to€the€representation€of€a€client€to€the€extentÏthe€lawyer€reasonably€believes€necessary:ÌÌÒÀ°œÒÒÀÒ(1)€to€prevent€Ô‡X‡XXX‡Ôò òthe€client€from€committing€a€criminal€act€that€the€lawyer€believes€is€likelyÐ X˜ Ðto€result€inó ó€[imminent]Ô#†X‡XXX‡s#Ô€ò ò[reasonably€certain]ó ó€ò ò[probable]ó ó€death€or€substantial€bodily€harm;Ð D„ ÐÌÒ°Òò ò(2)€to€prevent€the€client€from€committing€a€crime€or€fraud€that€is€likely€to€result€inÐ \ Ðsubstantial€injury€to€the€financial€interests€or€property€of€another€and€in€theÏfurtherance€of€which€the€client€is€using,€or€has€used,€the€lawyerððs€services;€€ÌÌ(3)€to€rectify€or€mitigate€substantial€injury€to€the€financial€interests€or€property€ofÏanother€that€has€resulted€from€the€clientððs€commission€of€a€crime€or€fraud€in€theÏfurtherance€of€which€the€client€has€used€the€lawyerððs€services;ÌÒ°—ÒÌœ(4)›€to€secure€confidential€legal€advice€about€the€lawyerððs€compliance€with€these€Rules;ó ó€orÐ |¼ ÐÒ7 °ÒÌÒ°1 Ò(5)€to€establish€a€claim€or€defense€on€behalf€of€the€lawyer€in€a€controversy€between€theÏclient€and€the€lawyer,€to€establish€a€defense€to€a€criminal€charge€or€civil€claim€against€theÏlawyer€that€is€based€upon€conduct€in€which€the€client€was€involved,€or€to€respond€in€any€Ïproceeding€to€allegations€concerning€the€lawyerððs€representation€of€the€client.€ÌœÒÀVÒÒ°DÀÒÌ(c)›€A€lawyer€shall€reveal€or€use€information€relating€to€the€representation€of€a€client€to€the€extentÏrequired€by€law€or€court€order,€or€when€necessary€to€comply€with€Rules€3.3,€____,€____,€or€____.ÌÓA†XÐXdÐXdAÓÓ  Óò òœÌ›ÌœÓê ÓÓ  ÓCOMMENT€ÌÓ ÓÓ  ÓÌó óÓ3 Óò òÓ=‡‡XÐXdXÐXd=Ó1.€The€lawyer€is€part€of€a€judicial€system€charged€with€upholding€the€law.€One€of€the€lawyer'sÐ x*¸&* Ðfunctions€is€to€advise€clients€so€that€they€avoid€any€violation€of€the€law€in€the€proper€exercise€ofÏtheir€rights.ÌÌ2.€The€observance€of€the€ethical€obligation€of€a€lawyer€to€hold€inviolate€confidential€informationÐ (.h*. Ðof€the€client€not€only€facilitates€the€full€development€of€facts€essential€to€proper€representation€ofÏthe€client€but€also€encourages€people€to€seek€early€legal€assistance.ÌÌ3.€Almost€without€exception,€clients€come€to€lawyers€in€order€to€determine€what€their€rights€areÏand€what€is,€in€the€maze€of€laws€and€regulations,€deemed€to€be€legal€and€correct.€The€commonÏlaw€recognizes€that€the€client's€confidences€must€be€protected€from€disclosure.€Based€uponÏexperience,€lawyers€know€that€almost€all€clients€follow€the€advice€given,€and€the€law€is€upheld.Ìó óÌà  à[1]€ò ò[4]ó ó€A€fundamental€principle€in€the€client-lawyer€relationship€is€that,€in€the€absence€ofÐ  ` Ðthe€clientððs€informed€consent,€the€lawyer€must€not€reveal€information€relating€to€theÏrepresentation€ò òand€also€must€not€use€such€information€to€the€disadvantage€of€the€client.€ThisÐ ø 8  Ðcontributes€to€the€trust€that€must€be€a€hallmark€of€the€client„lawyer€relationship.ó ó€The€client€isÐ ä $  Ðthereby€encouraged€ò òto€seek€legal€assistance€andó ó€to€communicate€fully€and€frankly€with€the€lawyerÐ Ð  Ðeven€as€to€embarrassing€or€legally€damaging€subject€matter€ò òso€that€the€lawyer€will€have€all€theÐ ¼ü  Ðinformation€the€lawyer€needs€to€effectively€represent€the€client€and,€if€necessary,€to€advise€theÏclient€to€refrain€from€wrongful€conduct.€The€prohibition€against€the€use€by€the€lawyer€ofÏinformation€relating€to€the€representation€to€the€clientððs€disadvantage€is€derived€from€theÏlawyerððs€general€duty€of€loyalty€to€the€client.€ÌÓ  Óò òÌInformation€Relating€to€the€Representation€of€a€Client€ó óó óÐ D„ ÐÌÓ(Óà  àò ò[2]€This€Rule€governs€the€disclosure€or€use€by€a€lawyer€of€information€relating€to€theÐ \ Ðrepresentation€of€a€client€during€the€course€of€the€lawyerððs€representation€of€the€client.€€See€RuleÏ[€€]€for€the€duties€a€lawyer€owes€to€a€prospective€client.€€See€Rule€1.9€for€the€lawyerððs€duties€toÏformer€clients.€€€€€€ÌÌó óà  àò ò[3]ó ó€ò ò[5]ó ó€The€principle€of€lawyer„client€confidentiality€is€given€effect€by€ò òthe€law€of€evidenceÐ ¸ø Ðand€civil€procedure€as€well€as€by€these€Rulesó ó.€€ò òrelated€bodies€of€law,€the€attorney-client€privilegeÐ ¤ä Ð(which€includes€the€work€product€doctrine)€in€the€law€of€evidence€and€the€rule€of€confidentialityÏestablished€in€professional€ethics.€ó ó€The€attorney-client€privilege€applies€in€judicial€and€otherÐ |¼ Ðproceedings€in€which€a€lawyer€may€be€called€as€a€witness€or€otherwise€required€to€produceÏevidence€concerning€a€client.€ò òThe€work€product€rule€applies€in€civil€discovery€proceedings€andÐ T ” Ðaffords€a€defense€against€a€request€for€production€of€documents€prepared€in€anticipation€ofÏlitigation.€€As€a€matter€of€professional€responsibility,€however,€this€Rule€more€broadly€requires€aÏlawyer€to€preserve€the€confidentiality€of€information€relating€to€the€representation€of€the€client.Ïó óThe€rule€of€client-lawyer€confidentialityò ò,€for€example,ó ó€applies€in€situations€other€than€thoseÐ $D # Ðwhere€evidence€is€sought€from€the€lawyer€through€compulsion€of€law.€€The€confidentiality€ruleÏapplies€not€only€to€matters€communicated€in€confidence€by€the€client€but€also€to€ò òallò òó ó€any€otherÐ Ü%"% Ðó óinformation€relating€to€the€representation,€whatever€its€source,€ò òthat€a€client€would€expect€theÐ È&#& Ðlawyer€to€keep€confidential€because€disclosure€might€be€embarrassing€or€detrimental€or€becauseÏthe€client€had€requested€the€lawyer€to€treat€the€information€as€confidential.€€ó óò òA€lawyer€may€notÐ  (à$( Ðdisclose€such€information€except€as€authorized€or€required€by€the€Rules€of€Professional€ConductÏor€other€law.€See€also€Scope.ÌÌó óà  àò ò[6]€The€requirement€of€maintaining€confidentiality€of€information€relating€toÐ P,(, Ðrepresentation€applies€to€government€lawyers€who€may€disagree€with€the€policy€goals€that€theirÏrepresentation€is€designed€to€advance.Ð (.h*. Ðó óò òÌà  à[4]€Organizational€clients,€including€governmental€agencies,€are€entitled€to€the€protectionÏof€this€Rule.€ó ó€When€ò òone€of€theó ó€a€constituent€of€an€organizational€client€communicates€with€theÐ ˜Ø Ðorganization's€lawyer€in€ò òhis€or€heró ó€ò òthe€personððsó ó€organizational€capacity,€the€communication€isÐ „Ä Ðprotected€by€Rule€1.6€ò òas€information€relating€to€the€representation€of€the€organizational€clientó ó.€Ð p° ÐThus,€by€way€of€example,€if€an€organizational€client€requests€its€lawyer€to€investigate€allegationsÏof€wrongdoing,€interviews€made€in€the€course€of€that€investigation€between€the€lawyer€and€theÏclient's€employees€or€other€constituents€are€covered€by€Rule€1.6.€€ò òThe€lawyerððs€duty€to€protectÐ 4 t Ðthis€information€is€a€duty€owed€to€the€organizational€client,€and€disclosure€of€such€information€toÏpersons€not€associated€with€the€organization,€or€the€use€of€such€information€to€the€disadvantageÏof€the€organization,€requires€the€informed€consent€of€a€duly€authorized€organizationalÏconstituent.ó óÐ ä $  ÐÓ  Óò òÌà @ àò òProtecting€Information€Related€to€the€Representation€of€the€Clientó óÐ ¼ü  ÐÓt#Óó ó€ò òÐ ¨è  Ðà  à[5]€Paragraph€(a)€prohibits€a€lawyer€from€revealing€information€relating€to€theÏrepresentation€of€a€client€that€the€client€would€not€expect€the€lawyers€to€share€with€others.€€ThisÏprohibition€also€applies€to€disclosures€by€a€lawyer€that€do€not€in€themselves€reveal€protectedÏinformation€but€could€reasonably€lead€to€the€discovery€of€such€information€by€a€third€person.€ÏUsing€an€anonymous€ð ðhypotheticalðð€to€discuss€issues€relating€to€the€representation€of€a€client,€forÏexample,€does€not€ordinarily€reveal€information€relating€to€the€clientððs€representation,€butÏinformed€client€consent€will€be€required€if€there€is€a€reasonable€likelihood€that€the€hypotheticalÏwould€permit€discovery€of€other€information€that€the€lawyer€would€not€be€permitted€to€reveal.€€ÌÌà  à[6]€€Paragraph€(a)€also€prohibits€a€lawyer€from€using€information€relating€to€a€clientððsÏrepresentation€to€the€disadvantage€of€the€client.€€€Learning€by€virtue€of€the€representation€of€aÏclient€that€the€client€intends€to€purchase€and€develop€several€parcels€of€land,€for€example,€aÏlawyer€may€not€seek€to€purchase€one€of€the€parcels€in€competition€with€the€client.€€Also,€if€byÏvirtue€of€his€or€her€representation€of€a€client€in€a€business€matter,€a€lawyer€comes€to€know€of€theÏavailability€of€a€related€business€opportunity€of€which€the€client€is€unaware,€the€lawyer€may€beÏunder€a€legal€obligation€to€refrain€from€taking€the€opportunity€without€first€affording€the€client€anÏopportunity€to€do€so.€€The€lawyerððs€undisclosed€seizure€of€the€opportunity€would€disadvantageÏthe€client€by€depriving€the€client€of€a€first€option€to€which€he€or€she€was€legally€entitled.€€Such€aÏuse€of€information€relating€to€the€representation€of€the€client€violates€the€lawyerððs€duty€of€loyaltyÏto€the€client.€ÌÌà  à[7]€€In€some€situations,€a€lawyer€may€be€able€to€use€information€relating€to€theÏrepresentation€of€a€client€for€the€advantage€of€the€lawyer€or€a€third€person€without€revealing€theÏinformation€to€others.€The€lawyer€may€do€so€provided€that€the€use€of€the€information€does€notÏdisadvantage€the€client€or€violate€client€instructions,€is€not€dishonest,€fraudulent€or€deceitful,€andÏdoes€not€constitute€a€crime€that€reflects€substantially€on€the€lawyerððs€fitness€to€practice€law.€€SeeÏRule€8.4.ò òÐ Œ)Ì%) ÐÓ  ÓÌÌInformed€Consent€and€Impliedly€Authorized€DisclosuresÌÓ)-Óó óÌà  à[8]€A€clientððs€consent€to€the€disclosure€or€use€of€information€protected€by€this€Rule€mustÐ (.h*. Ðbe€informed€and€secured€by€the€lawyer€in€advance€of€the€disclosure€or€use€in€question.€€See€theÏdefinition€of€€ð ðinformed€consentðð€in€Rule€[€€€€].€A€lawyer€may€not€seek€a€clientððs€consent€to€aÏdisclosure€or€use€of€information€relating€to€the€clientððs€representation€if€so€doing€would€beÏinconsistent€with€the€lawyerððs€duties€to€competently€and€loyally€represent€the€client.€€See€RulesÏ1.1€and€Rule€1.7.€€ò òÐ p° Ðó óÌó óà  àò ò[9]ó ó€ò ò[7]ó ó€€A€lawyer€is€impliedly€authorized€to€make€disclosures€about€a€client€whenÐ H ˆ Ðappropriate€in€carrying€out€the€representation,€except€to€the€extent€that€the€client's€instructions€orÏspecial€circumstances€limit€that€authority.€In€litigation,€for€example,€a€lawyer€may€discloseÏinformation€by€admitting€a€fact€that€cannot€properly€be€disputed,€or€in€negotiation€by€making€aÏdisclosure€that€facilitates€a€satisfactory€conclusion.Ô‡ X‡XXX‡ÔÐ ø 8  ÐÌÔ#†X‡XX X‡™1#Ôà  àò ò[10]ó ó€ò ò[8]ó ó€€Lawyersò ò€associatedó ó€in€a€firm€ò òmay,€in€the€course€of€the€firm's€practice,ó ó€ò òareÐ Ð  Ðimpliedly€authorized€toó ó€disclose€to€each€other€information€relating€to€a€client€of€the€firm,€unlessÐ ¼ü  Ðthe€client€has€instructed€that€particular€information€be€confined€to€specified€lawyers.€€ò òThisÐ ¨è  Ðimplied€authorization€also€extends€to€disclosures€on€a€need„to„know€basis€to€lawyers€who€are€notÏassociated€with€the€firm€but€who€are€participating€in€the€representation€of€the€client€in€the€matterÏeither€as€an€independent€co„counsel€or€as€a€temporary€lawyer.€€See€Rule€[€€€]€with€respect€to€theÏneed€for€the€lawyer€to€secure€client€consent€prior€to€associating€co„counsel€or€permitting€aÏtemporary€lawyer€to€participate€in€the€clientððs€representation.€ÌÌÓ  Óò òJoint€Representation€of€Multiple€Client€and€Common„Interest€Arrangements€AmongÐ \ ÐSeparately€Represented€Clients€ó óÐ H ÐÓ<5ÓÌà  à[11]€If€a€lawyer€is€jointly€representing€multiple€clients€in€a€matter,€each€client€is,€absentÏinformed€consent€to€the€contrary,€entitled€to€the€full€protection€of€this€Rule.€€€Information€relatingÏto€the€joint€representation€provided€to€the€lawyer€by€one€of€the€clients€will€be€regarded€asÏinformation€relating€to€the€representation€of€each€client.€The€lawyer€who€is€jointly€representingÏthe€clients€must€obtain€the€informed€consent€of€each€of€the€clients€before€disclosing€protectedÏinformation€to€third€persons.€€Ô‡ X‡XXX‡ÔIn€the€absence€of€instructions€to€the€contrary,€however,€a€lawyerÐ |¼ Ðjointly€representing€multiple€clients€is€impliedly€authorized€to€share€information€relating€to€theÏrepresentation€with€all€the€clients€to€the€extent€necessary€to€accomplish€the€objectives€of€the€jointÏrepresentation.€Ô#†X‡XX X‡8#Ô€See€Rule€1.7€for€the€lawyerððs€duties€if€€a€conflict€of€interest€arises€because€oneÐ @!€  Ðjointly„represented€client€refuses€to€permit€the€lawyer€to€disclose€to€another€jointly„representedÏclient€information€relating€to€the€representation€that€the€other€client€needs€to€know€in€order€makeÏinformed€decisions€about€the€representation.€ÌÌà  à[12]€Occasionally,€clients€represented€by€separate€lawyers€will€agree€to€cooperate€withÏeach€other€in€connection€with€a€matter€in€which€they€have€a€common€interest.€€It€is€common€inÏsuch€arrangements€for€the€clients€to€agree€to€share€information€relating€to€the€matter€in€whichÏthey€have€a€common€interest.€€This€Rule€specifies€the€duties€of€each€lawyer€to€his€or€her€ownÏclient€to€protect€information€relating€to€such€a€common„interest€arrangement.€[See€Rule€[€€]€forÏthe€duty€of€the€lawyer€to€abide€by€confidentiality€agreements€between€the€lawyerððs€client€andÏother€participants€in€such€an€arrangement.]€ó óÐ d+¤'+ ÐÓ  Óò òÌPermitted€Disclosure€or€Use€of€Information€Relating€to€a€Clientððs€Representation€òòó óÐ <-|)- ÐóóÓ]=ÓÐ (.h*. Ðà  àò ò[13]ó ó€ò ò[9]ó ó€ò òAlthough€the€public€interest€is€usually€best€served€by€a€strict€rule€requiringÐ À Ðlawyers€to€preserve€the€confidentiality€of€information€relating€to€the€representation€of€theirÏclients,ó ó€the€confidentiality€rule€is€subject€to€limited€exceptions.€€ò òIn€becoming€privy€to€informationÐ ˜Ø Ðabout€a€client,€a€lawyer€may€foresee€that€the€client€intends€serious€harm€to€another€person.€ÏHowever,€to€the€extent€a€lawyer€is€required€or€permitted€to€disclose€a€client's€purposes,€the€clientÏwill€be€inhibited€from€revealing€facts€which€would€enable€the€lawyer€to€counsel€against€aÏwrongful€course€of€action.€The€public€is€better€protected€if€full€and€open€communication€by€theÏclient€is€encouraged€than€if€it€is€inhibited.ó ó€€ò òParagraph€(b)(1),€for€example,€recognizes€theÐ 4 t Ðoverriding€value€of€life€and€physical€integrity€and€permits€disclosure€reasonably€necessary€toÏprevent€[probable]€death€or€substantial€bodily€harm.€€Substantial€bodily€harm€includes€lifeÏthreatening€and€debilitating€illnesses,€such€as€cancer€and€AIDS,€and€the€consequences€of€childÏsexual€abuse.€€The€lawyer€must€reasonably€believe€that€a€person€will€[probably]€die€or€sufferÏsubstantial€bodily€harm€unless€the€lawyer€reveals€information€otherwise€protected€by€this€Rule.ÏDeath€or€substantial€bodily€harm€is€[probable]€not€only€if€it€will€be€suffered€immediately,€but€alsoÏif€there€is€a€present€and€substantial€threat€that€a€person€will€suffer€such€injury€at€a€later€date.Ìó ó€€Ð ”Ô  Ðà  àò ò[14]€Paragraphs€(b)(2)€and€b(3)€permit€disclosure€of€information€relating€to€a€clientððsÐ €À Ðrepresentation€to€prevent€the€client€from€committing€a€crime€or€fraud€that€is€likely€to€result€inÏsubstantial€injury€to€the€financial€or€property€interests€of€another€or€to€rectify€or€mitigate€suchÏloss€that€has€resulted€from€the€clientððs€commission€of€a€crime€of€fraud.€€Disclosure€is€onlyÏpermitted,€however,€in€situations€in€which€the€client€is€using€or€has€used€the€lawyerððs€services€inÏfurtherance€of€the€crime€or€fraud.€€Such€a€serious€abuse€of€the€client„attorney€relationshipÏwarrants€the€forfeiture€of€the€protections€afforded€by€this€Rule.€€A€lawyerððs€services€further€theÏcommission€of€a€clientððs€crime€or€fraud,€for€example,€if€the€lawyer€has€represented€the€client€inÏdealings€with€the€affected€persons€or€the€client€has€provided€the€affected€persons€with€workÏproduct€prepared€by€the€lawyer,€and€such€actions€facilitate€the€consummation€of€the€clientððsÏcrime€or€fraud.€€A€lawyer€does€not€further€a€clientððs€crime€or€fraud,€however,€if€the€lawyerððsÏparticipation€in€the€matter€is€limited€to€the€provision€of€advice€to€the€client€about€the€legality€ofÏthe€clientððs€conduct.€€The€lawyer€must€not,€of€course,€counsel€or€assist€the€client€in€conduct€thatÏthe€lawyer€knows€is€criminal€or€fraudulent.€See€Rule€1.2(d).€€€ó óÐ |¼ ÐÌà  àò ò[10]€Several€situations€must€be€distinguished.ó óÐ T ” ÐÌà  àò ò[11]€€First,€the€lawyer€may€not€counsel€or€assist€a€client€in€conduct€that€is€criminal€orÐ ,"l! Ðfraudulent.€See€Rule€1.2(d).€Similarly,€a€lawyer€has€a€duty€under€Rule€3.3(a)(4)€not€to€use€falseÏevidence.€This€duty€is€essentially€a€special€instance€of€the€duty€prescribed€in€Rule€1.2(d)€to€avoidÏassisting€a€client€in€criminal€or€fraudulent€conduct.Ìó óÌà  àò ò[12]€Second,€the€lawyer€may€have€been€innocently€involved€in€past€conduct€by€the€clientÐ È&#& Ðthat€was€criminal€or€fraudulent.€In€such€a€situation€the€lawyer€has€not€violated€Rule€1.2(d),Ïbecause€to€"counsel€or€assist"€criminal€or€fraudulent€conduct€requires€knowing€that€the€conduct€isÏof€that€character.Ìó óÌà  àò ò[13]€Third,€the€lawyer€may€learn€that€a€client€intends€prospective€conduct€that€is€criminalÐ d+¤'+ Ðand€likely€to€result€in€imminent€death€or€substantial€bodily€harm.€As€stated€in€paragraph€(b)(1),Ïthe€lawyer€has€professional€discretion€to€reveal€information€in€order€to€prevent€suchÏconsequences.€€The€lawyer€may€make€a€disclosure€in€order€to€prevent€homicide€or€serious€bodilyÐ (.h*. Ðinjury€which€the€lawyer€reasonably€believes€is€intended€by€a€client.€€It€is€very€difficult€for€aÏlawyer€to€"know"€when€such€a€heinous€purpose€will€actually€be€carried€out,€for€the€client€mayÏhave€a€change€of€mind.ó óÐ ˜Ø ÐÔ‡X‡XXX‡ÔÌò òÔ#†X‡XXX‡QO#Ôà  àò òó ó[15]€€If€the€lawyer's€services€will€be€used€by€the€client€in€materially€furthering€a€course€ofÐ p° Ðcriminal€or€fraudulent€conduct,€the€lawyer€must€withdraw,€as€stated€in€Rule€1.16(a)(1).ó óò òÐ \œ ÐÌà  àó óò ò[16]€After€withdrawal,€the€lawyer€is€required€to€refrain€from€making€disclosure€of€theÐ 4 t Ðclient's€confidences,€except€as€otherwise€provided€in€Rule€1.6.€€Neither€this€rule,€Rule€1.9(c),€€norÏRule€1.16(d)€prevents€the€lawyer€from€giving€notice€of€the€fact€of€withdrawal,€and€the€lawyerÏmay€also€withdraw€or€disaffirm€any€opinion,€document,€affirmation,€or€the€like.ÌÌó óà  àò ò[17]€Where€the€client€is€an€organization,€the€lawyer€may€be€in€doubt€whetherÐ Ð  Ðcontemplated€conduct€will€actually€be€carried€out€by€the€organizationððs€constituents.€WhereÏnecessary€to€guide€conduct€in€connection€with€this€Rule,€the€lawyer€may€make€inquiry€within€theÏorganization€as€indicated€in€Rule€1.13(b).Ìó óÔ‡X‡XXX‡ÔÌÔ#†X‡XXX‡S#Ôà  àò ò[15]€A€lawyerððs€confidentiality€obligations€should€not€preclude€a€lawyer€from€securingÐ l¬ Ðlegal€advice€about€the€lawyerððs€personal€responsibility€to€comply€with€these€Rules.€€ParagraphÏ(b)(4),€therefore,€permits€the€lawyer€to€reveal€information€relating€to€a€clientððs€representation€toÏthe€extent€necessary€to€secure€such€advice.€€In€other€situations€in€which€the€lawyer€may€want€toÏreveal€information€relating€to€the€clientððs€representation€in€order€to€secure€advice€or€assistance,Ïthe€lawyer€must€secure€the€informed€consent€of€the€client€or€determine€that€the€disclosure€isÏimpliedly€authorized€to€carry€out€the€representation.€€Ìó óÌò òà  àÔ‡X‡XXX‡Ô[16]ó ó€ò ò[18ó ó]€€Where€a€legal€claim€or€disciplinary€charge€alleges€complicity€of€the€lawyer€in€aÐ Ì  Ðclient's€conduct€or€other€misconduct€of€the€lawyer€involving€representation€of€the€client,€theÏlawyer€may€respond€to€the€extent€the€lawyer€reasonably€believes€necessary€to€establish€a€defense.ÏThe€same€is€true€with€respect€to€a€claim€involving€the€conduct€or€representation€of€a€formerÏclient.€ò òSuch€a€charge€can€arise€in€a€civil,€criminal€or€professional€disciplinary€proceeding,€andÐ |¼ Ðcan€be€based€on€a€wrong€allegedly€committed€by€the€lawyer€against€the€client,€or€on€a€wrongÏalleged€by€a€third€person;€for€example,€a€person€claiming€to€have€been€defrauded€by€the€lawyerÏand€client€acting€together.ó ó€€The€lawyer's€right€to€respond€arises€when€an€assertion€of€suchÐ @!€  Ðcomplicity€has€been€made.€Paragraph€(b)ò ò(2)ó óò ò(4)€ó ódoes€not€require€the€lawyer€to€await€theÐ ,"l! Ðcommencement€of€an€action€or€proceeding€that€charges€such€complicity,€so€that€the€defense€mayÏbe€established€by€responding€directly€to€a€third€party€who€has€made€such€an€assertion.€The€rightÏto€defend,€of€course,€applies€where€a€proceeding€has€been€commenced.€ò òWhere€practicable€andÐ ð$0!$ Ðnot€prejudicial€to€the€lawyer's€ability€to€establish€the€defense,€the€lawyer€should€advise€the€clientÏof€the€third€party's€assertion€and€request€that€the€client€respond€appropriately.€In€any€event,Ïdisclosure€should€be€no€greater€than€the€lawyer€reasonably€believes€is€necessary€to€vindicateÏinnocence,€the€disclosure€should€be€made€in€a€manner€which€limits€access€to€the€information€toÏthe€tribunal€or€other€persons€having€a€need€to€know€it,€and€appropriate€protective€orders€or€otherÏarrangements€should€be€sought€by€the€lawyer€to€the€fullest€extent€practicableó ó.Ð x*¸&* ÐÌà  àò ò[17ó ó]€ò ò[19]ó ó€€ò òIf€the€lawyer€is€charged€with€wrongdoing€in€which€the€client's€conduct€isÐ P,(, Ðimplicated,€the€rule€of€confidentiality€should€not€prevent€the€lawyer€from€defending€against€theÏcharge.€€Such€a€charge€can€arise€in€a€civil,€criminal€or€professional€disciplinary€proceeding,€andÐ (.h*. Ðcan€be€based€on€a€wrong€allegedly€committed€by€the€lawyer€against€the€client,€or€on€a€wrongÏalleged€by€a€third€person;€for€example,€a€person€claiming€to€have€been€defrauded€by€the€lawyerÏand€client€acting€together.ó ó€A€lawyer€entitled€to€a€fee€is€permitted€by€paragraph€(b)(2)€to€prove€theÐ ˜Ø Ðservices€rendered€in€an€action€to€collect€it.€This€aspect€of€the€rule€expresses€the€principle€that€theÏbeneficiary€of€a€fiduciary€relationship€may€not€exploit€it€to€the€detriment€of€the€fiduciary.€ò òAsÐ p° Ðstated€above,€the€lawyer€must€make€every€effort€practicable€to€avoid€unnecessary€disclosure€ofÏinformation€relating€to€a€representation,€to€limit€disclosure€to€those€having€the€need€to€know€it,Ïand€to€obtain€protective€orders€or€make€other€arrangements€minimizing€the€risk€of€disclosureó ó.ò òÐ 4 t ÐÔ#†X‡XXX‡|V#Ôó óò òÌÔ‡ X‡XXX‡Ôà  à[18]€€Paragraph€(b)€only€permits€disclosure€to€the€extent€reasonably€necessary€toÐ  L  Ðaccomplish€one€of€the€purposes€specified€in€subparagraphs€(b)(1)„(5).€€Prior€to€disclosure,€theÏlawyer€must,€if€reasonably€feasible,€make€a€good€faith€effort€to€persuade€the€client€to€act€so€that€itÏwill€be€unnecessary€for€the€lawyer€to€do€so€and€to€advise€the€client€about€the€consequences€of€theÏclientððs€failure€to€do€so.€€If€reasonably€feasible,€the€lawyer€must€also€give€the€client€advanceÏnotice€of€the€disclosure.€€If€disclosure€is€permitted,€the€lawyer€must€limit€the€disclosure€to€suchÏinformation€as€is€reasonably€necessary€to€accomplish€the€purpose€for€which€disclosure€isÏpermitted.€€If,€for€example,€a€lawyer€reasonably€believes€that€notice€of€the€lawyerððs€withdrawalÏand€a€disaffirmation€of€the€lawyerððs€prior€work€in€a€matter€will€be€sufficient€to€enable€theÏintended€victim€to€prevent€the€consummation€of€an€ongoing€fraud,€the€lawyer€may€not€provideÏthe€affected€person€with€additional€detail€about€the€clientððs€conduct€in€the€matter.€€If€disclosure€isÏnecessary€to€defend€against€charges€of€misconduct€or€to€collect€a€fee,€ó óÔ#†X‡XX X‡¤b#Ôthe€disclosure€ò òshouldó ó€ò òmustó óÐ 0p Ðbe€made€in€a€manner€which€limits€access€to€the€information€to€the€tribunal€or€other€personsÏhaving€a€need€to€know€it,€and€appropriate€protective€orders€or€other€arrangements€should€beÏsought€by€the€lawyer€to€the€fullest€extent€practicable.Ìò òÌà  à[19]ó ó€ò ò[14]ó óò ò€Paragraph€(b)€permits€but€does€not€require€the€disclosure€or€use€of€informationÐ Ì  Ðrelating€to€a€€clientððs€representation€to€accomplish€the€purposes€specified€in€paragraphs€Ì(b)(1)„(5).€€In€exercising€the€discretion€conferred€by€this€Rule,ó ó€ò òThe€lawyer's€exercise€of€discretionÐ ¤ä Ðrequires€consideration€ofó ó€the€lawyer€may€consider€such€factors€as€the€nature€of€the€lawyer'sÐ Ð Ðrelationship€with€the€client€and€with€those€who€might€be€injured€by€the€client,€the€lawyer's€ownÏinvolvement€in€the€transaction€and€factors€that€may€extenuate€the€conduct€in€question.€ò òWhereÐ h¨ Ðpractical,€the€lawyer€should€seek€to€persuade€the€client€to€take€suitable€action.€€In€any€case,€aÏdisclosure€adverse€to€the€client's€interest€should€be€no€greater€than€the€lawyer€reasonably€believesÏnecessary€to€the€purposeó ó.€€A€lawyer's€decision€not€to€take€preventive€action€permitted€byÐ ,"l! Ðparagraph€(b)€does€not€violate€this€Rule.ÌÌÓ  Óò òMandatory€Disclosure€or€Use€of€Information€Relating€to€the€Representationòòó óÐ ð$0!$ ÐÓ¶lÓÌà  àóóò ò[20]ó ó€ò ò[21]ó ó€The€Rules€of€Professional€Conduct€in€various€circumstances€permit€or€require€aÐ È&#& Ðlawyer€to€disclose€information€relating€to€the€representation.€€See€Rules€2.2,€2.3,€3.3€and€4.1.€InÏaddition€to€these€provisions,€a€lawyer€may€be€obligated€or€permitted€by€other€provisions€of€law€toÏgive€information€about€a€client.€Whether€another€provision€of€law€supersedes€Rule€1.6€is€a€matterÏof€interpretation€beyond€the€scope€of€these€Rules,€but€a€presumption€should€exist€against€such€aÏsupersession.ò ò€€A€lawyer€may€refrain€from€making€a€disclosure€if€the€€lawyer€reasonably€believes,Ð d+¤'+ Ðafter€reasonable€inquiry,€that€the€law€in€question€does€not€legally€obligate€the€lawyer€to€make€theÏdisclosure€in€question.€€ó óÐ <-|)- ÐÐ (.h*. Ðà  àò ò[21]ó ó€ò ò[20]ó ó€ò òA€lawyer€must€also€comply€with€lawful€orders€of€a€tribunal,€an€administrative€orÐ À Ðexecutive€agency,€or€a€legislative€body.ó ó€€ò òThe€attorney-client€privilege€is€differently€defined€inÐ ¬ì Ðvarious€jurisdictions.ó ó€If€a€lawyer€is€called€as€a€witness€to€give€testimony€concerning€a€client,ò ò€or€isÐ ˜Ø Ðotherwise€ordered€to€reveal€information€relating€to€the€clientððs€representation,€the€lawyer€must,ó óÐ „Ä Ðabsent€ò òwaiver€byó ó€informed€consent€of€the€client€to€do€otherwise,€ò òparagraph€(a)€requires€theÐ p° Ðlawyer€to€invoke€the€privilege€when€it€is€applicable.ó ó€ò òassert€on€behalf€of€the€client€all€non„Ð \œ Ðfrivolous€claims€that€the€information€sought€is€protected€against€disclosure€by€the€attorney„clientÏprivilege€or€other€applicable€law.€ó óThe€lawyer€mustò ò,€however,ó ó€comply€with€the€final€order€of€aò òÐ 4 t Ðcourt€or€otheró ó€tribunal€ò òof€competent€jurisdictionó ó€requiring€the€lawyer€to€provide€informationÐ  ` Ðabout€the€client.ÌÌò òÓ  Óò òActing€Competently€to€Preserve€Confidentialityó óó óÐ ä $  ÐÓÕtÓÌò òà  à[22]€A€lawyer€shall€act€competently€to€safeguard€information€relating€to€theÐ ¼ü  Ðrepresentation€of€a€client€against€inadvertent€or€unauthorized€disclosure€by€the€lawyer,€by€otherÏpersons€who€are€participating€in€the€representation€of€the€client€and€who€are€subject€to€theÏlawyerððs€supervision,ò ò€ó ó[or€by€any€other€person€to€whom€the€lawyer€has€provided€suchÐ €À Ðinformation.]€See€Rules€1.1,€5.1,€and€5.3.€€ó óÐ p° ÐÌà  àò ò[23]ó ó€ò òWhen€transmitting€a€communication€that€includes€information€relating€to€theÐ Hˆ Ðrepresentation€of€a€client,€the€lawyer€must€take€reasonable€precautions€to€prevent€it€from€comingÏinto€the€hands€of€unintended€recipients.€€This€duty,€however,€does€not€require€that€the€lawyerÏutilize€extraordinary€security€measures,€such€as€encryption,€if€the€method€of€communicationÏemployed€by€the€lawyeró ó€ò òaffords€a€reasonable€expectation€that€the€communication€will€only€beÐ ø8 Ðaccessible€to€the€intended€recipient€or€to€a€person€whose€access€is€necessary€for€its€transmissionÏand€who€can€be€expected€to€honor€the€confidentiality€of€the€communication.€Factors€to€beÏconsidered€in€determining€the€reasonableness€of€the€lawyerððs€expectation€of€confidentialityÏinclude€the€sensitivity€of€the€information,€and€the€extent€to€which€theó ó€ò òprivacy€of€theÐ ¨è Ðcommunication€is€protected€by€law€or€by€a€confidentiality€agreement.€€In€most€cases€a€lawyerÏneed€not€implement€special€security€measures€when€communicating€information€relating€to€theÏrepresentation€of€a€client€by€telephone,€cellular€phone,€telegraph,€facsimile€or€electronic€mail.€€€AÏclient€may€require€the€lawyer€to€implement€special€security€measures€not€required€by€this€Rule€orÏmay€give€informed€consent€to€the€use€of€a€means€of€communication€that€would€otherwise€beÏprohibited€by€this€Rule.€€€€Ìó ó€ò òÐ #\" Ђà  à[24]€ò òó ó[22]ó ó€The€duty€of€confidentiality€continues€after€the€client„lawyer€relationship€hasÐ $H # Ðbeen€terminated.€ò òSee€Rule€1.9(c).€Ð ô$4!$ ÐÓA†XÐXdXÐXdV AÓÌó óò ò›ÌÌÔ‡¼M¼XX‡ÔœÓ  ÓReporterððs›€ObservationsÔ#†X‡X¼¼MÖ}#Ôó óÐ ¤(ä$( ÐœÓö}Óò òÔ‡¼M¼XX‡ÔÌÓ  ÓA.€Rule€Text€Ì›ÌÓŒ~Ó1.€€1.6(a)€and€œComment€[3]:›€€Disclosure€and€use€of€confidential€informationÏprohibited;€disclosure€and€use€of€other€information€prohibited€only€ifÐ ê-**- Ðdisadvantageous€to€clientÔ#†X‡X¼¼Ml~#Ôó ó.€Ð À ÐÌà  àSeveral€concerns€about€the€prior€draft€of€Rule€1.6(a)€were€aired€at€our€meeting€inÏToronto:€€ÌÌÒÀ°Î ÒÒÀÒ1.€The€Rule€should€begin€with€the€basic€prohibition€rather€than€with€a€string€ofÏexceptions.€ÌÌ2.€The€relocation€of€Rule€1.8(b)€into€Rule€1.6(a)€had€created€some€uncertainty€about€theÏrelationship€between€the€two€rules€„€one€of€which€is€a€confidentiality€rule€and€the€other€ofÏwhich€is€a€conflict€of€interest€rule.€€€ÌÌ3.€Taken€at€face€value,€the€Toronto€draft€(and€the€current€Model€Rule)€prohibits€harmlessÏdisclosures€of€non„confidential€information€relating€to€a€clientððs€representation.€SomeÏCommissioners€voiced€the€concern€that€this€œprohibition€was€too€broad.€This›€is€an€issueÏthat€was€initially€discussed€and€tentatively€resolved€during€our€meeting€in€Wilmington,Ïbut€it€resurfaced€in€Toronto.€More€recently,€this€issue€has€been€called€to€the€attention€ofÏthe€Commission€by€the€memorandum€of€David€œIsbell›€to€œMargy›€Love€in€which€heÏexplained€his€concern€that:ÌÌÒÀ5€ÒÒ°ÒÒ` ÀÒà ¸ àð ð...€there€is€a€lot€of€information€that€relates€to€the€representation€ofÏmost€clients€but€that€nonetheless€is€attended€by€no€expectation€or€interestÏof€the€client€that€would€be€betrayed€by€disclosure,€and€few€if€any€lawyersÏwould€think€for€a€moment€that€disclosure€of€such€information€wasÏethically€prohibited.€€Thus,€the€Rule€is€clearly€not€meant€to€be€readÏliterally,€but€it€provides€no€guidance€as€to€how€much€less€than€literal€itsÏreach€is€meant€to€be.ðð€ÌÒÀ` ЃÒÒó…ÀÒÌœà ` àProfessor›€Tom€Morgan€has€shared€similar€concerns€with€the€œReporters.€HeÏindicated€a€preference€for€the€Model€Code€protection€of€ð ðconfidencesðð€andÏð ðsecrets€and€his€hope€that€this€matte€would€be€addressed€either€in€the€Rule€or€byÏway€of€a€Comment.€€›€€Ì€€ÌÒ°ƒÒ4.€The€Toronto€draft€did€not€permit€use€(as€distinct€from€disclosure)€of€protectedÏinformation€as€even€though€such€use€was€impliedly€authorized€to€carry€out€theÏrepresentation.€ÌÒÀÍ…ÒÒ° ÀÒœÌà  àThe€Reporter€was€asked€to€draft€an€alternative€that€would€prohibit€the€disclosure€and€useÏof€information€only€ñ× ñif€ñ× ñdoing€so€would€disadavantage€the€client€and€an€alternative€that€wouldÏaddress€disclosure€€and€use€in€separate€paragraphs.€€Because€of€some€of€the€Comments€I€haveÏreceived€since€our€meeting€in€Toronto€I€have€also€prepared€two€alternatives€that€try€to€limit€theÏscope€of€Rule€1.6(a)€to€confidential€information€and€to€such€other€information€that€a€client€wouldÏexpect€to€be€kept€confidential.Ìò òÌÌà  àa.€Reporterððs›€recommendation:ó ó€The€proposed€draft€of€Rule€1.6(a)€is€consistent€with€theÐ ^-ž)- Ðsubstance€of€both€Model€Rules€1.6(a)€and€1.8(b)€and€allows€both€the€disclosure€and€use€ofÐ N.Ž*. Ðinformation€if€impliedly€authorized€to€carry€out€the€representation.€€€On€its€face,€however,€thisÏproposal€does€not€respond€to€concerns€about€the€ð ðoverbreadthðð€of€the€Ruleððs€reference€toÏð ðinformation€relating€to€the€representation€of€a€œclient.ñØ ñððñØ ñ›€€The€œReporter›€œrecommends›€that€œthe›ÏCommission€address€such€concerns€by€œincluding€the€following€statement€in€proposed€Comment›Ïœ[3]:ÌÌÒ°ÒÒÀ°̇ÒÒÀÒò òð ðThe€confidentiality€rule€applies€not€only€to€matters€communicated€inÐ H ˆ Ðconfidence€by€the€client€but€also€to€ò òallò òó ó€any€other€ó óinformation€relating€to€theÐ 4 t Ðrepresentation,€whatever€its€source,€ò òthat€a€client€would€expect€the€lawyer€toÐ  ` Ðkeep€confidential€because€its€disclosure€might€be€embarrassing€orÏdetrimental€or€because€the€client€had€requested€the€lawyer€to€treat€theÏinformation€as€confidential.ó ó€€ó óÐ ä $  ÐÒÀšŒÒÒ°zŒÒÒ°š‰ÀÒÌà  àThe€purpose€of€the€highlighted€language€is€to€limit€the€broad€reference€to€ð ðinformationÏrelating€to€the€representation€of€a€clientðð€so€that€it€will€be€understood€to€embrace€all€confidentialÏinformation€relating€to€a€clientððs€representation€and€only€such€other€information€about€theÏrepresentation€that€the€client€would€expect€the€lawyer€to€keep€confidential,€such€as€embarrassingÏor€potentially€harmful€information.€€Without€using€the€labels,€then,€this€Comment€generallyÏlimits€ð ðinformation€relating€to€the€representation€of€a€clientðð€to€what€the€Model€Code€referred€toÏas€ð ðconfidencesðð€and€ð ðsecrets.ðð€€The€only€difference€is€that€the€Comment€refers€more€generally€toÏconfidential€information,€rather€than€to€information€specifically€protected€by€the€attorney„clientÏprivilege.€€Beyond€this€nothing€is€said,€suggesting€that€information€acquired€by€the€lawyer€thatÏthe€client€would€not€expect€to€be€kept€confidential€„€i.e.,€that€was€not€transmitted€to€the€lawyer€inÏconfidence€or€likely€to€be€embarrassing€or€harmful€„€is€not€related€to€the€representation€for€theÏpurposes€for€Rule€1.6.€€€€ÌÌà  àAlthough€the€replacement€of€the€Model€Codeððs€protection€of€ð ðconfidencesðð€and€ð ðsecretsððÏby€Model€Ruleððs€protection€of€ð ðinformation€relating€to€the€representation€of€a€clientðð€was€a€well„¼intended€effort€to€broaden€the€lawyerððs€confidentiality€obligations,€the€Reporter€concurs€with€theÏconcerns€aired€by€David€Isbell€and€Tom€Morgan€and€recommends€adoption€of€this€commentaryÏto€limit€Rule€1.6's€protection€to€information€that€clients€expect€to€be€kept€confidential.€€AlthoughÏthe€Comment€cuts€back€on€the€meaning€that€normally€would€be€ascribed€to€a€broad€reference€toÏð ðinformation€relating€to€the€representation€of€a€client,ðð€I€think€it€is€consistent€with€what€mostÏclients€and€lawyers€would€think€to€be€the€intended€purpose€for€Rule€1.6.ò òÐ ,"l! Ðà  àÌÌÌÌà  àb.€€Alternative€1:€€Revise€Rule€1.6(a)€to€prohibit€disclosure€and€use€of€confidentialÏinformation€and€to€prohibit€disclosure€and€use€of€other€information€only€ifÏdisadvantageous€to€the€client.€€ó óÐ  (à$( ÐÌà  àSuch€a€rule€would€read:€ÌÌÒ°ÒÒÀ°ÃŽÒÒÀÒò ò(a)€€A€lawyer€shall€not€reveal€or€use€confidential€information€relating€to€theÐ P,(, Ðrepresentation€of€a€client,€ò òand€shall€not€reveal€or€use€other€informationÐ <-|)- Ðrelating€to€the€representation€of€the€client€to€the€clientððs€disadvantageó ó,€unlessò òÐ (.h*. Ðó óthe€client€ò ògives€informed€consent,€the€disclosure€or€use€is€ó óimpliedlyÐ À Ðauthorized€in€order€to€carry€out€the€representation,€or€ò òthe€disclosure€or€use€isÐ ¬ì Ðpermitted€byó ó€paragraph€(b)€ò òor€required€by€paragraph€(c).ó óÐ ˜Ø Ðó óÒÀ¦—ÒÒ°†—ÒÒ°hŽÀÒÌà  àThe€Reporter€thinks€that€this€alternative€is€awkward€and€prefers€use€of€commentary€toÏnarrow€the€breadth€of€the€Ruleððs€reference€to€ð ðinformation€relating€to€the€representation€of€aÏclient.ðð€€I€also€do€not€think€that€the€overbreadth€issue€is€of€such€paramount€importance€that€itÏrequires€resolution€in€the€rule€text.€€€ÌÌ€Ìò òà  àc.€€Alternative€2:€Disclosure€and€use€only€prohibited€if€disadvantageous€to€the€clientÐ ø 8  Ðó 󀀀Рä $  Ðà  àAs€a€possible€solution€to€the€overbreadth€problem,€the€Reporter€was€asked€to€prepare€aÏdraft€of€Rule€1.6(a)€that€would€permit€disclosures€and€uses€of€client€information€would€notÏdisadvantage€the€client.€€It€was€also€suggested€that€such€a€rule€would€make€it€unnecessary€toÏspecify€an€exception€for€ð ðimpliedly€authorized€disclosures.ñÙ ñððñÙ ñ€€ñÚ ñ€ñÚ ñThe€rule€would€read:€ÌÌÒÀ°2šÒÒ°ÒÒÀÒò ò(a)€€A€lawyer€shall€not€reveal€or€use€information€relating€to€theÐ l¬ Ðrepresentation€of€a€client€ò òto€the€disadvantage€of€the€clientó ó,€unlessÐ X˜ Ðthe€client€ò ògives€informed€consent,€the€disclosure€or€use€is€ó óimpliedlyÐ D„ Ðauthorized€in€order€to€carry€out€the€representation,€or€ò òthe€disclosure€or€use€isÐ 0p Ðpermitted€byó ó€paragraph€(b)€ò òor€required€by€paragraph€(c).ó óó óÐ \ ÐÒÀÞÒÒ°þ™ÀÒò òà0  àó óÐ Ð Ð  ÐÒ°ÐÒà  àThe€problem€with€this€formulation€is€that€it€would€permit€the€disclosure€of€confidential€orÏprivileged€information€without€client€consent€so€long€as€the€disclosure€would€not€disadvantageÏthe€client.€€This€would€not€have€been€permitted€under€the€Model€Code,€is€not€permitted€by€theÏModel€Rule,€and€would€represent€a€major€relaxation€of€the€lawyerððs€confidentiality€obligation.€€ÏFor€that€reason,€the€Reporter€does€not€recommend€adoption€of€this€alternative.€Ìà  àò òÌÔ‡¼M¼XX‡Ôà  àÔ#†X‡X¼¼M ¢#ÔÌà  àd.€€Alternative€3:€Disclosure€and€use€in€separate€paragraphsÔ‡¼M¼XX‡Ô.Ô#†X‡X¼¼M¤¢#Ôó óÐ h¨ ÐÌà  àThe€Commission€asked€the€Reporter€to€prepare€a€draft€that€treated€disclosure€and€use€ofÏclient€information€in€separate€paragraphs.€€€Such€an€alternative€draft€would€read:Ìà  àÌà0  àò ò(a)€A€lawyer€shall€not€revealòò€óóinformation€relating€to€the€representation€of€a€client,Ð &$f # Ðunless€the€disclosure€or€use€is€impliedly€authorized€in€order€to€carry€out€theÏrepresentation,€the€client€gives€informed€consent,€or€the€disclosure€is€permitted€byÏparagraph€(c)›€or€required€by€paragraph€(d).Ð (#(# ÐÌà0  à(b)€A€lawyer€shall€not€use€information€relating€to€representation€of€a€client€to€theÏdisadvantage€of€the€client,€unless€the€client€gives€informed€consent,€or€the€use€isÏpermitted€by€paragraph€œ(c)›€or€required€by€paragraph€(d).€ó óК*Ú&*(#(# ÐÌà  àWere€the€Commission€to€approve€this€alternative,€the€ð ðoverbreadthðð€problem€could€beÏaddressed€by€œadopting€proposed€Comment›€œ[3].›€€Commentary€could€also€be€added€to€explain€thatÏparagraph€(a)€is€a€confidentiality€rule€and€that€paragraph€(b)€is€a€conflict€of€interest€rule.€€€If€needÐ J.Š*. Ðbe,€we€could€also€add€commentary€to€explain€why€there€is€no€exception€in€œparagraph›€(b)€for€usesÏthat€are€impliedly€authorized€to€carry€out€the€representation.€€€The€Reporter€œsees›€nothing€to€beÏgained€œby€treating›€disclosure€and€use€in€separate€paragraphs.€à È àÐ ˜Ø ÐœÌÌò òÔ‡¼M¼XX‡Ô2.›€Paragraph€(b)(1):€disclosure€or€use€necessary€to€prevent€ð ðimminent,ððÐ \œ Ðð ðreasonably€certainðð,€or€ð ðprobableðð€death€or€bodily€œharmñÛ ñ?ñÛ ñ›€Ô#†X‡X¼¼M­¨#Ôó óÐ j ª Ðà  àÌà  àIn€œMontreal,›€the€Commission€tentatively€approved€a€tersely€formulated€paragraph€(b)(1)Ïthat€permitted€disclosure€ð ðto€the€extent€the€lawyer€reasonably€believes€necessary€to€prevent€deathÏor€substantial€bodily€harm.ðð€€In€œToronto,€the€Commission›€revisited€this€issue€and€voted€to€add€aÏrequirement€that€the€death€or€bodily€harm€be€ð ðimminent.ðð€€After€more€discussion,€theÏCommission€asked€the€Reporter€to€draft€a€comment€explaining€that€an€imminence€requirementÏwould€not€require€the€lawyer€to€wait€until€death€was€at€the€doorstep€and€to€consider€otherÏpossible€formulations€of€the€Rule€text.€€€ÌœÌ›Ìà  àò òa.€€Alternative€1:€ð ðImminentðð€death€or€substantial€bodily€harm.€Ð °ð Ðó óÌà  àAfter€voting€to€retain€the€Model€Rule€requirement€that€death€or€bodily€harm€beÏð ðimminent,ðð€the€Commission€instructed€the€Reporter€to€draft€a€single€sentence€that€would€beÏadded€to€a€Comment€and€indicate€that€the€ð ðimminenceðð€requirement€does€not€mean€that€theÏlawyer€has€to€wait€until€death€is€at€the€doorstep.€€Such€a€sentence€œmight›€read:€€ÌÌà0  àò òDeath€or€substantial€bodily€harm€is€imminent€not€only€if€it€will€be€sufferedÐ $d Ðimmediately,€but€also€if€there€a€present€and€substantial€threat€that€a€person€willÏsuffer€such€injury€at€a€later€date.€€€Ð (#(# Ðó óÌà  àThis€sentence€is€consistent€with€Comment€œòòdóó€to›€œðð117A›€of€the€Restatement€of€the€LawÐ Ô ÐGoverning€Lawyers€that€serves€as€an€explanation€of€the€Restatementððs€requirement€that€the€deathÏor€bodily€harm€be€ð ðreasonably€certain.ðð€€The€problem€with€this€comment€language€is€that€it€bearsÏno€resemblance€to€the€standard€dictionary€definition€of€ð ðimminentðð€as€ð ðlikely€to€occur€at€anyÏmoment.ðð€€The€Reporter€does€not€recommend€that€the€Commission€explain€imminence€in€theseÏterms.€€€€€Ì̛̜à  àò òb.€€Alternative€2:€ð ðreasonably€certainðð€death€or€substantial€bodily€harm.€€€Ð 4%t!$ Ðó óÌà  àAs€an€alternative,€the€Commission€could€track€œðð117A›€of€the€Restatement€and€require€thatÏthe€death€or€bodily€harm€be€ð ðreasonably€certain.ðð€€This€would€be€coupled€with€a€Comment€thatÏwould€read:€ÌÌÒÀ°ןÒÒ°ÒÒÀÒò òDeath€or€substantial€bodily€harm€is€reasonably€certain€not€only€if€it€will€beÐ ¼*ü&* Ðsuffered€immediately,€but€also€if€there€is€a€present€and€substantial€threat€thatÏa€person€will€suffer€such€injury€at€a€later€date.€€€ó óÐ ”,Ô(, ÐÒÀ«²ÒÒ°­¨ÀÒÌÒ°²Òà  àMy€only€concern€about€this€formulation€is€that€it€uses€ð ðreasonablyðð€in€a€way€that€differsÐ l.¬*. Ðfrom€how€ð ðreasonablyðð€is€used€throughout€the€Model€Rules.€€€As€used€to€modify€death€orÏsubstantial€harm,€I€think€the€drafters€of€the€Restatement€used€the€phrase€ð ðreasonably€certainðð€toÏconvey€the€sense€that€the€lawyer€must€only€be€moderately€rather€than€completely€certain.€€TheyÏwanted€the€reasonable€lawyer€to€be€ð ðpretty€sureðð€or€ð ðconfident.ðð€€According€to€Model€RuleÏterminology,€however,€ð ðððreasonableðð€and€ððreasonablyðð€when€used€in€relation€to€conduct€by€aÏlawyer€denotes€the€conduct€of€a€reasonably€prudent€and€competent€lawyer.ðð€€This€would€suggestÏthat€the€reference€to€ð ðreasonably€certain€death€or€substantial€bodily€harmðð€should€be€construed€toÏrequire€that€the€lawyer€be€€ð ðcertainðð€that€death€or€substantial€bodily€will€be€suffered€and€that€theÏlawyerððs€determination€must€comport€with€the€judgment€of€a€reasonably€prudent€and€competentÏlawyer.€€€Although€a€Comment€to€Rule€1.6(b)(1)€could€make€clear€that€we€are€using€ð ðreasonablyÏcertainðð€in€the€Restatement€sense€of€the€term,€I€think€we€should,€if€at€all€possible,€restrict€our€useÏof€ð ðreasonableðð€or€ð ðreasonablyðð€to€situations€in€which€we€want€to€require€the€lawyer€to€act€asÏwould€a€prudent€and€competent€lawyer.€€€I€would,€therefore,€only€recommend€using€a€referenceÏto€ð ðreasonably€certainðð€death€or€substantial€bodily€harm€if€there€is€no€other€way€in€which€œwe€can›Ïtersely€convey€the€sense€that€the€reasonable€lawyer€must€be€pretty€sure€or€confident,€but€does€notÏhave€to€be€certain,€that€death€or€substantial€injury€will€result€if€the€lawyer€remains€silent.̛̜Ìò òà  àc.€Alternative€3:€ð ðprobableðð€death€or€œsubstantial€bodily€harm›Ð ð0 Ðó óÌà  àThis€formulation€avoids€the€problem€associated€with€the€reference€to€ð ðreasonableÏcertainty.ðð€€One€accepted€meaning€of€ð ðprobableðð€implies€a€ð ðstrongðð€or€ð ðsubstantialðð€likelihoodÏthat€death€or€injury€will€result€if€the€lawyer€does€not€act.€€It€does€not,€however,€imply€certainty.€ÏThe€Comment€language€would€read:€ò òÐ  #à" ÐÒ°ÒÌÒÀ°´ÒÒÀÒDeath€or€substantial€bodily€harm€is€probable€not€only€if€it€will€be€sufferedÏimmediately,€but€also€if€there€is€a€present€and€substantial€threat€that€aÏperson€will€suffer€such€injury€at€a€later€date.€€€ó óÐ `' #& ÐÒÀð¼ÒÒ°½ÀÒÌÒ°ϼÒà  àThe€lawyerððs€judgment€will€still€have€to€be€reasonable€because€Rule€1.6(b)€requires€thatÏthe€lawyer€ð ðreasonably€believeðð€that€the€disclosure€is€ð ðnecessaryðð€to€prevent€the€ð ðprobableððÏinjury.€€The€problem€with€this€alterative€is€that€probable€is€sometimes€used€as€a€synonym€forÏð ðlikelyðð€and€might€also€cause€some€lawyers€to€think€in€terms€of€probable€cause€rather€than€inÏterms€of€œa€substantial›€œor›€significant€likelihood.€€Additional€commentary€might€be€necessary€toÏclarify€the€precise€sense€in€which€we€are€using€the€term.€€€Ð ð-0*- Ðñƒ ñœñƒ ñ‡Ìà  àò òd.€Alternative€4:€ð ðthe€Montreal€formulation.ððó óÐ °ð Ѐ€€€€€€Ìà  àPreferring€a€terse€formulation€of€this€exception€and€having€struggled€without€completeÏsuccess€to€come€up€with€an€appropriate€modifier,€the€Reporter€œrequests€that›€the€CommissionÏreconsider€using€the€formulation€that€was€tentatively€approved€in€Montreal:ÌÌÒÀ°ñ½ÒÒ°ÒÒÀÒò ò(b)€ð ðthe€lawyer€may€disclose€...€to€the€extent€the€lawyer€reasonably€believesÐ P  Ðnecessary€Ìà ` àÌà ` à(1)€to€prevent€death€or€substantial€bodily€harm.ððó ó€€Ð  `  ÐÒ°ñÁÒÒÀÿÁÒÒ°BÇÀÒÌà  àComment€language€could€be€added€to€specify€that:€Ì€ÌÒÀ° ÃÒÒÀÒÒ°Òò òDisclosure€is€reasonably€necessary€to€prevent€death€or€substantial€bodilyÐ à  Ðharm€not€only€if€the€injury€is€imminent,€but€also€if€there€is€a€present€andÏsubstantial€threat€that€a€person€will€suffer€such€injury€at€a€later€date.€€€ó ó€Ð À Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€ÌÒÀpÃÒÒ°~ÃÒÒ°rÌÀÒà  àI€think€this€Comment€works€quite€well€as€an€explanation€of€the€requirement€that€theÏlawyer€reasonably€believe€that€disclosure€is€ð ðnecessaryðð€to€prevent€death€or€substantial€bodilyÏharm.€€This€suggests€that€there€may€be€no€need€to€add€an€adjective€to€modify€the€Ruleððs€referenceÏto€death€or€substantial€bodily€harm.€€To€the€extent€additional€commentary€is€needed€to€explainÏnuances,€such€commentary€can€be€tied€to€œthe€Ruleððs€requirement€that€the€disclosure€be€necessary.€›ÏœÌ›€€€ò òÐ @€ Ðà  àd.€Reporterððs€Recommendation:ó ó€Given€the€primacy€of€life€and€bodily€integrity,€theÐ 0p ÐReporter€recommends€the€adoption€of€the€formulation€approved€in€Montreal€„€a€terse€grant€ofÏpermission€to€a€lawyer€to€reveal€client€information€to€the€extent€the€lawyer€ð ðreasonably€believesÏnecessaryðð€to€prevent€death€or€substantial€bodily€harm,€with€resort€to€commentary€to€the€extent€Ïnecessary€to€convey€the€message€that€the€lawyer€must€be€careful€not€to€jump€to€prematureÏconclusions,€but€that€the€lawyer€need€not€wait€until€the€last€possible€moment€before€takingÏpreventive€action.€€€œIf,€however,€the›€Commission€œconcludes€that€a›€œmodifier€is€needed,›€I€wouldÏrecommend€using€ð ðprobableðð€rather€than€ð ðreasonably€certain.ðð€€Ìœò òÔ‡¼ôñ¼XX\‰ÔÌ›Ì3.€Paragraph€(b)(2):€prevention€of€client€crimes€or€frauds€ð ðin€the€furtheranceÏof€which€the€lawyerððs€services€have€been€or€œare€being€used.ðð›Ìó óÔ#†X\‰X¼¼ôñõÉ#ÔÌà  àò òa.€€Reporterððs€Recommendation:ó ó€€This€draft€reflects€the€Commissionððs€decision€thatÐ ø'8$& Ðlawyers€should€be€permitted€to€reveal€client€information€to€prevent€the€client€from€committing€aÏcrime€or€fraud€only€if€the€lawyerððs€services€were€used€by€the€client€in€furtherance€thereof.€€€€€€€ÌI€recommend€that€the€Commission€retain€paragraph€(b)(2)€rather€than€combining€it€withÏparagraph€(b)(3)€œbecause›€most€states€treat€prevention€of€crimes€and€frauds€separately€from€theÏrectification€or€mitigation€of€loss€resulting€from€such€crimes€and€frauds.€ÌœÌ›€Ð ˆ.È*- Ðò òà  àœb.›€€œAlternative:›€Prevention€and€rectification€in€a€single€paragraph.€€ó ó€ò òÐ À ÐÌà  àœó óAlthough€I€do€not€recommend€combining€paragraphs€(b)(2)€and€(3)€into€a€singleÐ  à Ðparagraph,€the›€Commissionððs€decision€to€limit€preventive€disclosure€to€situations€in€which€theÏclient€has€used€or€œis€using€the›€lawyerððs€services€to€perpetrate€the€crime€or€œfraud€would€permitÏsuch€a€joinder.€€The€paragraph€would€read:€›€ò òÐ p° ÐÌà  à(b)€A€lawyer€may€reveal€...€to€the€extent€the€lawyer€reasonably€believes€necessary€€ÌÌÒÀ°ÏÄÒÒ°ÒÒ` ÀÒ(2)€to€prevent,€rectify€or€mitigate€substantial€injury€to€the€financialÏinterests€or€property€of€another€resulting€from€the€clientððs€commissionÏof€a€crime€or€fraud€in€the€furtherance€of€which€the€client€is€using,€orÏhas€used,€the€lawyerððs€services;€ó óò òÐ @  ÐÒ°£ÏÒœÒÀ` ±ÏÒó óÒ°yÎÀÒò òÌÔ‡¼ôñ¼XX\‰ÔÌ4.›€€€Deletion€of€paragraph€(b)€(5)€from€prior€draftÌÔ#†X\‰X¼¼ôñÑ#Ôó óÌà  àIn€Toronto,€the€Commission€referred€paragraph€(b)(5)€of€the€prior€draft€back€to€theÏReporter€for€further€review.€€The€Commission€voted€to€delete€the€first€two€subparagraphsÏbecause€the€specified€disclosures€were€deemed€to€be€ð ðimpliedly€authorized.ðð€€No€final€action€wasÏtaken€with€respect€to€paragraph€(b)(5)(iii)€that€permitted€disclosure€to€enable€the€lawyer€ð ðtoÏdisaffirm€a€communication€that€the€lawyer€has€previously€made€on€behalf€of€the€client€and€thatÏthe€lawyer€has€reason€to€believe€is€false€or€misleading.ððÌÌà  àThe€Reporter€has€not€included€this€paragraph€in€this€draft.€€Whether€a€lawyer€should€beÏallowed€œto€disaffirm›€a€statement€the€lawyer€has€made€on€behalf€of€a€client€should€be€reconsideredÏwhen€the€Commission€reviews€Rule€4.1.Ì̜̀Ô‡¼ôñ¼XX\‰Ôò òÓ  ÓB.€Commentsó óÔ#†X\‰X¼¼ôñ¤Ô#ԛР<| ÐÓÆÔӜ̛̜ò òÔ‡ X1|XXX\‰ÔComment€[1]:€Purpose€of€RuleÐ 2"r  ÐÌà  àó óComment€[1]€replaces€Model€Rule€Comments€[1],€[2],€[3],€and€[4].Ð  $J " ÐÌò òÌComment€[2]:€Cross€Reference€To€Other€Confidentiality€Rules€ó óÐ Î&#% ÐÌà  àComment€[2]€is€new.€€It€cross„references€the€other€confidentiality€rules.€€ÌÌÌò òComment€[3]:€Information€Relating€to€Representation€ó óÐ j+ª'* ЀÌà  àComment€[3]€is€a€modification€of€Model€Rule€Comment€[5].€€Its€purpose€is€to€explain€theÏRuleððs€reference€to€ð ðinformation€relating€to€the€representation€of€a€clientðð€and€how€suchÐ ..n*- Ðinformation€relates€to€information€protected€by€the€attorney„client€privilege€and€the€work„productÏrule.€€See€the€discussion€of€this€Comment€in€the€Reporterððs€Observations€about€Rule€1.6(a).€¹Ò#Þ°ÒÔ#†X\‰XX X1|1Õ#Ôò òÌó óÔ‡ X1|XXX\‰Ôò òÒ°‰ØÒÌComment€[4]:€Organizational€Clients€€ÌÌà  àó óAlthough€taken€in€part€from€Comment€[2]€to€Model€Rule€1.13,€€this€Comment€is€basicallyÐ L Œ Ðnew.€€Its€purpose€is€to€explain€how€Rule€1.6€applies€to€organizational€clients.€€A€member€of€theÏCommission€has€suggested€that€this€discussion€should€be€placed€in€a€comment€to€Rule€1.13.€€IÏthink€the€application€of€Rule€1.6€to€the€representation€of€organizational€clients€is€sufficientlyÏimportant€that€it€warrants€a€Comment€in€Rule€1.6.€The€second€and€third€sentences€come€fromÏComment€[2]€to€Rule€1.13.€€I€think€the€only€question€for€the€Commission€is€whether€to€retain€orÏdelete€this€Comment.ÌÌò òÔ#†X\‰XX X1|ÅØ#ÔÌComment€[5]:€Hypotheticals€Ìó óÌà  àComment€[5]€is€new€and€offers€and€articulates€a€standard€to€be€used€in€determining€whenÏa€lawyer€may€use€hypotheticals€based€on€information€relating€to€the€representation€of€a€clientÏwithout€having€ð ðrevealedðð€the€underlying€information.€€See€the€discussion€of€ð ðshop€talkðð€in€G.ÏHazard€&€W.€Hodes,€The€Law€of€Lawyering,€Vol.€1,€ðð1.6:202€ñ¤ ñ(1997)€ñ¤ ñin€whiñŸ ñcñŸ ñhñ  ñcñ  ñ€the€authorsÏexplain:Ìñ¢ ñÒ°Òñ¢ ññ¢ ñÒÀ°ÑÒñ¢ ññ¢ ñÒÀÒñ¢ ññ£ ñÌñ£ ñIn€functional€terms,€the€line€betñ¡ ññš ñrñš ññ¡ ñween€permissible€and€impermissible€disñ› ññš ñlñš ññ› ñcñœ ñlñœ ñosureñ ñÏshould€probably€be€drawn€at€the€point€of€anonymityñ ññž ñ:€a€lawyer€may€talk€shop€if€sheÏis€virtually€certain€that€the€listeners€could€not€ascertain€the€identity€of€the€client€orÏthe€situation€involved.ñž ñ€€€€€€Ìñ¢ ñÒÀ»ÝÒñ¢ ññ¢ ñÒ°‡ÝÒÒ°ÑÀÒñ¢ ñÌò òÌComment€[6]:€Using€Information€to€Disadvantage€of€Client€€€ó óÐ ¼ü Ðà  àÌà  àComment€[6]€is€new€and€offers€an€explanation€of€the€prohibition€against€usingÏinformation€to€the€disadvantage€of€a€client.€€Per€a€suggestion€of€a€member€of€the€Commission,Ïthe€last€three€sentences€in€Comment€[6]€attempt€to€make€clear€that€a€lawyer€can€disadvantage€aÏclient€by€using€information€relating€to€the€clientððs€representation€to€take€a€business€opportunity€inÏcircumstances€in€which€the€law€of€agency€gives€the€client€a€right€of€first€refusal.€€ÌÌò òÌComment€[7]:€Using€Information€For€Advantage€of€Lawyer€or€Third€Personó óÐ ,'l#& ÐÌà  àComment€[7]€is€new€and€explains€the€significance€of€the€lack€of€general€prohibitionÏagainst€a€lawyer€using€information€relating€to€a€clientððs€representation€to€the€advantage€of€theÏlawyer€or€a€third€party.€Ô‡ X1|XXX\‰ÔÐ ì*,'* ÐÌò òÔ#†X\‰XX X1|ã#ÔÌComment€[8]:€Informed€Consentó óÔ‡ X1|XXX\‰ÔÐ ¸-ø)- Ðò òÐ ¨.è*. Ðó óà  àComment€[8]€is€new€and€serves€as€a€cross„reference€to€the€proposed€definition€of€Ð À Ðinformed€consent.€€Ô#†X\‰XX X1||ã#ÔIt€also€explains€that€the€lawyer€is€precluded€from€asking€a€client€to€giveÐ ¬ì Ðinformed€consent€if€doing€so€would€violate€Rule€1.1€(competence)€or€Rule€1.7(€conflict€ofÏinterest.€ÌÌò òÌÌComment€[9]:€Impliedly€Authorized€Disclosuresó óÐ \ œ ÐÔ‡ X1|XXX\‰ÔÌà  àComment€[9]€is€identical€to€Model€Rule€Comment€[7].€ÌÌÌò òComment€[10]:€Disclosure€Among€Associated€Lawyersó óÐ ü<  ÐÌà  àComment€[10]€supplements€Model€Rule€Comment€[8]€with€a€need„to„know€restriction€onÏimpliedly€authorized€disclosures€to€co„counsel€and€temporary€lawyers€who€are€participating€inÏthe€representation€of€a€client€of€a€law€firm€with€which€they€are€not€ð ðassociated.ðð€€There€is€noÏneed„to„know€restriction€on€impliedly€authorized€disclosures€among€lawyers€associated€in€a€firm.€ÏÌò òÌComment€[11]:€Joint€RepresentationÌÌó óà  àComment€[11]€is€new€and€explains€the€application€of€Rule€1.6€to€the€joint€representationÐ 4t Ðof€multiple€clients€by€a€single€lawyer.€€Each€client€is€entitled€to€the€full€protection€of€the€Rule,Ïbut€is€deemed€to€have€impliedly€authorized€such€disclosures€to€the€other€clients€as€are€necessary€Ïfor€them€to€make€informed€decisions€with€respect€to€the€matter.€€This€implied€authority€may€beÏtrumped€by€any€client.€The€Comment€alerts€the€lawyer€that€this€may€give€rise€to€a€conflictÏbetween€the€lawyerððs€Rule€1.6€duty€to€that€client€and€his€or€her€Rule€1.4€duties€to€the€otherÏclient[s]€and€directs€the€lawyer€to€Rule€1.7.€Ô#†X\‰XX X1|‚å#Ô€€Ð ¼ü ÐÔ‡ X1|XXX\‰ÔÌ€€Ìò òComment€[12]:€Common€Interest€Arrangements€Among€Separately€Represented€PersonsÐ ” Ô Ðó óÌà  àComment€[12]€is€new€and€explains€the€application€of€Rule€1.6€to€ð ðcommon€interestÏarrangementsðð€between€individuals€each€of€whom€is€represented€by€his€or€her€own€lawyer.€ThisÏComment€Ô#†X\‰XX X1|§ê#Ôincorporates€the€holding€in€ABA€Formal€Ethics€Opinion€95„395€(Obligations€of€aÐ D$„ # ÐLawyer€Who€Formerly€Represented€A€Client€in€Connection€with€a€Joint€Defense€Consortium).ÏThe€bracketed€language€contemplates€a€new€rule€articulating€the€duties€of€a€lawyer€to€a€non„¼client€who€confidentially€provides€the€lawyer€with€information€that€is€related€to€the€lawyerððsÏrepresentation€of€a€client.€€€€€€€ÌÌ€à  àÔ‡ X1|XXX\‰Ô€€ò òÐ ô)4&) ÐComment€[13]:€Disclosure€Necessary€to€Prevent€[Probable]€DeathÌÌà  àó óComment€[13]€replaces€Model€Rule€Comments€[9]€and€[13]€and€explains€ParagraphÐ Ì, ), Ð(b)(1)ððs€permission€to€reveal€client€information€to€prevent€death€or€substantial€bodily€harm.€ÌÐ ¤.ä*. Ðà  àThe€questions€for€the€Commissionððs€review€are:€ÌÌà  àShould€substantial€bodily€harm€be€explained€as€including€ð ðlife€threatening€andÏdebilitating€illness,€such€as€cancer€and€AIDS?ðð€€Comment€òòcóó€to€ðð117A€of€The€RestatementÐ „Ä Ðincludes€ð ðlife„threatening€illnessðð€within€the€meaning€of€ð ðserious€bodily€harm.ððÌÌà  àShould€substantial€bodily€harm€be€explained€as€including€ð ðthe€consequences€of€childÏsexual€abuse?ðð€€Comment€òòcóó€to€ðð117A€of€The€Restatement€includes€ð ðthe€consequences€of€eventsÐ 4 t Ðsuch€as€...€child€sexual€abuseðð€within€the€meaning€of€ð ðserious€bodily€harm.ððÌÔ#†X\‰XX X1|Ìí#ÔÔ‡ X1|XXX\‰ÔÌà  àI€have€drafted€the€Comment€on€the€assumption€that€the€Rule€will€permit€disclosure€toÏprevent€ð ðprobableðð€death€or€substantial€bodily€harm.€€See€the€Reporterððs€Observations€about€RuleÏ1.6(b)(1)€for€a€discussion€of€the€alternative€ways€in€which€this€exception€might€be€formulated.€€IfÏthe€Commission€one€of€the€alternative€formulations,€the€Comment€can€be€modified€accordingly.€Ìò òÌÌComment€[14]:€Disclosure€to€Prevent,€Rectify€or€Mitigate€Substantial€Injury€to€Financial€orÏProperty€InterestsÌÌà  àó óComment€[14]€is€new€and€explains€paragraphs€1.6(b)(2)€and€(3).€The€primary€purpose€ofÐ D„ Ðthe€Comment€is€to€highlight€and€explain€the€requirement€that€the€client€have€used€or€be€using€theÏlawyerððs€services€in€furtherance€of€the€crime€or€fraud.€€ÌÌà  àThe€Reporter€is€proposing€that€this€Comment€replace€Model€Rule€Comments€[10],€[11]Ïand€[12]€(that€explain€Rule€1.2(d)ððs€prohibition€against€assisting€a€client€commit€a€crime€orÏfraud)€and€Comments€[15],€[16]€and€[17]€(that€address€withdrawal€from€the€representation€of€aÏclient€who€is€going€to€use€the€lawyerððs€services€to€further€a€fraud€or€crime).€€These€comments€areÏnot€directly€pertinent€to€Rule€1.6,€and€if€such€commentary€is€needed,€the€Reporter€recommendsÏthey€be€incorporated€into€the€Comments€to€Rule€1.2(d)€and€Rule€1.16Ìò òÌÌComment€[15]:€Legal€Advice€for€the€LawyerÌÌó óà  àComment€[15]€is€new€and€explains€paragraph€1.6(b)(4)ððs€grant€of€permission€to€a€lawyerÐ ,"l! Ðto€reveal€client€information€to€the€extent€necessary€to€secure€legal€advice€about€the€lawyerððsÏpersonal€legal€and€professional€responsibilities€in€connection€with€the€representation€of€theÏclient.€ò òÐ ð$0!$ ÐÌÌComment€[16]:€Lawyer€Self„Defense€ó óÐ ´'ô#' ÐÌà  àComment€[16]€is€identical€to€Model€Rule€Comment€[18]€except€for€addition€of€the€thirdÏsentence€(taken€verbatim€from€Model€Rule€Comment€[19])€and€the€deletion€of€the€last€twoÏsentences.€The€last€two€sentences€deal€with€issues€now€addressed€in€proposed€Comment€[18].€ÌÌò òÌñ¥ ñÐ (.h*. Ðñ¥ ñComment€[17]:€Collecting€FeesÌÌó óà  àComment€[17]€is€identical€to€Model€Rule€Comment€[19],€except€for€the€deletion€of€theÐ ˜Ø Ðfirst€sentence,€the€transfer€of€the€second€sentence€to€proposed€Comment€[16],€and€deletion€of€theÏlast€sentence.€€The€point€made€in€the€last€sentence€is€now€made€more€generally€in€proposedÏComment€[18].€Ìò òÌÌComment€[18]:€Disclosure€To€the€Extent€Lawyer€ReasonablyBelieves€Necessary€To€...€ó óÐ  ` ÐÌà  àComment€[18]€is€new€and€attempts€to€specify€some€of€the€steps€a€lawyer€may€have€to€takeÏbefore€he€or€she€can€reasonably€believe€that€disclosure€is€necessary€to€accomplish€one€of€theÏpurposes€specified€in€paragraphs€(b)(1)€„€(5).€€This€Comment€takes€the€place€of€sentences€thatÏhave€been€deleted€from€the€Model€Rule€counterparts€to€proposed€Comments€[16],€[17]€and€[19].€€€Ìà  àÌò òÌComment€[19]:€€The€Lawyerððs€Discretionó óÐ €À ÐÌà  àComment€[19]€tracks€Model€Rule€Comment€[14]€except€for€the€deletion€of€two€sentencesÏthat€address€issues€now€covered€in€proposed€Comment€[18].Ìò òÌÌComment€[20]:€Disclosure€Mandated€by€Law€€€ÌÌà  àó óÔ#†X\‰XX X1|úñ#ÔComment€[20]€is€identical€to€Model€Rule€Comment€[21]€except€for€the€addition€of€theÐ à  Ðlast€sentence€that€provides:€ð ðA€lawyer€may€refrain€from€making€a€disclosure€if€the€lawyerÏò òreasonably€believesó ó,€after€reasonable€inquiry,€that€the€law€in€question€does€not€legally€obligateÐ À Ðthe€lawyer€to€make€the€disclosure.ðð€The€key€issue€here€is€whether€we€should€permit€the€lawyer€toÏremain€silent€ð ðif€the€lawyer€has€ò òa€non„frivolousó ó€reason€for€believing€that€the€law€in€questionÐ  à Ðdoes€not€legally€obligate€the€lawyer€to€make€the€disclosure.ððÌÌò òÌComment€[21]:€Disclosure€Mandated€by€Order€of€Tribunaló ó€Ð `!   Ðà  àÌà  àComment€[21]€is€substantively€identical€to€Model€Rule€Comment€[20],€but€has€beenÏreworded€to€refer€to€more€situations€in€which€a€lawyer€might€be€ordered€to€reveal€confidentialÏinformation€and€to€require€the€lawyer€to€invoke€all€non„frivolous€claims€that€the€information€isÏprivileged.€€Ìà  àÌò òÌComment€[22]:€Competence€re€Confidentialityó óÐ à( %( ÐÌÔ‡ X1|XXX\‰Ôà  àComment€[22]€is€new€and€sets€forth€the€responsibility€of€the€lawyer€to€competentlyÐ À*'* Ðsafeguard€information€relating€to€a€clientððs€representation.€€Colorado,€D.C.,€Georgia,€Iowa,ÏMaine,€Michigan,€Minnesota,€Nebraska,€New€York,€Ohio,€Oregon,€Virginia,€Vermont€haveÏretained€the€formulation€that€was€contained€in€ABA€Model€Code€DR€4„101(D):€ð ðA€lawyer€shallÏexercise€reasonable€care€to€prevent€the€lawyerððs€employees,€associates€and€others€whose€servicesÐ p.°*. Ðare€utilized€by€the€lawyer€from€disclosing€or€using€such€information,€except€that€the€lawyer€mayÏreveal€the€information€allowed€by€paragraphs€(b)€and€(c)€through€such€persons.ðð€€I€modified€thisÏformulation€to€conform€to€the€structure€of€the€Model€Rules.€€Ô#†X\‰XX X1|H#Ô€€Ð ˜Ø ÐÌà  àA€member€of€the€Commission€has€recommended€the€deletion€of€the€bracketed€referenceÏto€ð ðany€other€person€to€whom€the€lawyer€has€provided€such€information.ðð€€The€concern€is€that€itÏis€unrealistic€to€expect€a€lawyer€to€monitor€the€conduct€persons€to€whom€confidentialÏinformation€is€given.€€I€do€not€think,€however,€that€exercise€of€reasonable€care€would€requireÏmonitoring.€€But€it€probably€would€require€that€the€lawyer€secure€from€the€recipient€a€promise€toÏmaintain€the€confidentiality€of€the€information€provided€by€the€lawyer.Ìà  àÌò òÌComment€[23]:€Electronic€Transmission€of€Confidential€Informationó óÐ H  ÐÌà  àComment€[23]€is€new€and€addresses€the€lawyerððs€duty€of€care€when€transmit€confidentialÏinformation.€€€I€have€taken€a€case„by„case€approach€with€a€tilt€in€favor€of€allowing€use€ofÏunencrypted€e„mail€in€the€ordinary€course€of€lawyer„client€communications.€€Although€there€is€aÏsplit€of€authority€with€respect€to€the€need€for€encryption€of€e„mail,€I€believe€this€comment€isÏconsistent€with€the€trend€in€recent€Ethics€Committee€decisions€as€discussed€in€the€thoughtfulÏMay€21,€1998€Discussion€Draft€of€the€Report€of€the€Lawyer€Business€Ethics€Committeeððs€TaskÏForce€on€E„Mail€Privacy€(ñÍ ñthat€was€ñÍ ñprovided€to€the€Commission€in€MontrealñÎ ññÎ ññÑ ññÏ ñ)ñÏ ññÑ ññÒ ñ)ñÒ ññÐ ññÎ ñ€byñÎ ññÐ ññÓ ññÎ ñ€ñÎ ññÓ ñ.€The€Task€Force€concludedÏits€Report€with€a€cautious€call€for€consultation€by€the€lawyer€with€the€client€prior€to€the€ñÔ ñlawyer€and€client€ñÔ ñusñÕ ñeñÕ ññÖ ñingñÖ ñÏunencrypted€e„mail€for€confidential€communications.€€The€Report,€however,€does€not€call€for€aÏper€se€ban€on€the€use€of€unencrypted€e„mail€without€client€consent.€€It€would€be€fair€to€say€thatÏthe€tone€of€the€Task€Forceððs€report€is€more€cautionary€than€the€proposed€comment.€€€€Ìà  àÌò òÌComment€[24]:€Confidentiality€After€Termination€of€Representation€Ìó óÌà  àComment€[24]€is€identical€to€Model€Rule€Comment€[22]€except€for€the€addition€of€theÏcross€reference€to€Rule€1.9(c).€€€€€€€€ÌÌà  àÌ›ÒÀ°mßÒ