ÿWPC“  µ˜É¨ú·¿.X‚Î;–ç||Ñ]Ì~•…ñH½r†Uá«u3  St]i°EÔc‘”b‘npãFé:>VèæˆiV‰dÉÒ$=÷ÅYØJC©¸µm‘aürwœ ŽLMLp¸u(º,þ0øKîâ,tzúŒŸŒ6Ûwf½"¤:Ž.FI®m$@væÚòH3 àõ¶ú€õ—@J0p¼1oLœÛÂl³°Wzô¬R”íÊP¼U"_ê)G;Íc­àléðH‹-–÷ÈglôàÚã)¶"lF `g=ûLйíç!u'uú"Ô3½¶I NŒW²ä@v#tõ<ášÏ¥~ÒaP]æÒèï“…ÐÒƒ‹¸y­e#Þ’…œ¹6žÉšˆ³œ‹ßǰ®—ü+ÑÖ%ï¹0ùT“ÀߊãV_3nòÝ6ÐaJ²Qj¶³»§ qå _ ýKöäÜyª¡VÒÈG¸D-@²üãˆoà]›lmµˆ7Jhó"(æ+aÂ{"† L¼$±†cÖɯDoþ ÁmyDÚÌÞÕìuî¸Í$­1|h¢ n‚áÓ\lárè"˜}0kŸFfy©-.vx|þ# ÒU NÝ %+ 0(1U@YUB™UNÛw@)4i}ŒUN”mâ 0DO˜\\ARISTOTLE\541_14_CPR02_HP5SI_PSWINSPOOLÆÜÜÎÎÜÆÜ0 (ÈhH  Z 6Times New Roman RegularX($¡¡*Ͼ¦ `(CG TimesScalableô\  `*Times New RomanTT(  Z ‹6Times New Roman Regular ÎDÏÐDÑÏÒEÓUÔEÕÖE×õ†t%@1dÔô3|x×(ÖÃ9 Z‹6Times New Roman Regular cÝ ƒ¯'ÝÝ  Ýò òÓ  ÓWORKING€DRAFT€„€FOR€USE€BY€ETHICS€2000€COMMISSION€ONLYó ó(3¯$§§Ý ƒ!ÝÝ  ÝÝ ƒ!ÝÝ  ÝÑà°ÑÓ  ÓÑ7€·<XXdìdÈ7ÑñÑñÖ€ ÿÿÖñÑñ11/ñÏñ23ñÏññÐñ19ñÐñ/1998›Ð d ÐPROPOSED€RULE€1.6€„€6th€DraftÌÓ)ÓÓ  Ófor€discussion€in€Philadelphia,€December€11€&€12,€1998ÌÓïÓà@ìì*ìàˆÌÓ  ÓConfidentiality€of€InformationÌÓVÓÔ‡X·<XXXÔò òÌÔ#†X·<XXX·<‘#Ô(a)€A€lawyer€shall€not€reveal€information€relating€to€representation€of€a€client€unless€the€clientÐ ì ˆ Ðconsents€after€consultation,€except€for€disclosures€that€are€impliedly€authorized€in€order€to€carryÏout€the€representation,€and€except€as€stated€in€paragraph€(b).Ô‡X·<XXX·<Ôó óÐ Ä ` Ðà  àÔ#†X·<XXX·<ð#ÔÌÓ=‡·<ÐXdÐd=Ó(a)€€A€lawyer€shall€not€reveal€information€relating€to€the€representation€of€a€client€ò òòò[or€a€formerÐ œ8  Ðclient]óóó ó€unless€the€client€ò ògives€informed€consent,€the€disclosure€is€ó óimpliedly€authorized€in€order€toÐ ˆ$  Ðcarry€out€the€representation,€or€ò òthe€disclosure€is€permitted€byó ó€paragraph€(b)€ò òor€required€byÐ t  Ðparagraph€(c).ó óÐ `ü  ÐÌ(b)€A€lawyer€may€reveal€information€relating€to€the€representation€of€a€client€ò òòò[or€a€former€client]óóó óÐ 8Ô  Ðto€the€extent€the€lawyer€reasonably€believes€necessary:ÌÌÒ°Ò(1)€to€prevent€Ô‡X·<XXX·<Ôò òthe€client€from€committing€a€criminal€act€that€the€lawyer€believes€is€likelyÐ ü˜ Ðto€result€in€imminentÔ#†X·<XXX·<#Ôó ó€ò òreasonably€certainó ó€death€or€substantial€bodily€harm;Ð è„ ÐÌÒ°Òò ò(2)€to€prevent€the€client€from€committing€a€crime€or€fraud€that€is€likely€to€result€inÐ À\ Ðsubstantial€injury€to€the€financial€interests€or€property€of€another€and€in€ò òòòtheó ó€óóÐ ¬H Ðfurtherance€of€which€theó ó€ò òclient€has€used€or€is€using€the€lawyerððs€services;€€Ð ˜4 ÐÌ(3)€to€rectify€or€mitigate€substantial€injury€to€the€financial€interests€or€property€ofÏanother€ò òthat€has€resultedó ó€òòresultingóó€from€the€clientððs€commission€of€a€crime€orÐ \ø Ðfraud€in€ò òòòtheó ó€óófurtherance€of€which€the€client€has€used€the€lawyerððs€services;Ð Hä ÐÒ° ÒÌ(4)€to€secure€legal€advice€about€the€lawyerððs€compliance€with€these€Rules;ó ó€orÐ  !¼ ÐÒ7 °ÒÌÒ°. Ò(5)€to€establish€a€claim€or€defense€on€behalf€of€the€lawyer€in€a€controversy€between€theÏclient€and€the€lawyer,€to€establish€a€defense€to€a€criminal€charge€or€civil€claim€against€theÏlawyer€that€is€based€upon€conduct€in€which€the€client€was€involved,€or€to€respond€in€any€Ïproceeding€to€allegations€concerning€the€lawyerððs€representation€of€the€client.€ÌÒ°ôÒÌò ò(c)€A€lawyer€shall€reveal€information€relating€to€the€representation€of€a€client€[òòor€a€former€client]óóÐ ”'0!$ Ðto€the€extent€required€by€law€or€court€order,€or€when€necessary€to€comply€with€Rules€3.3,€____,Ï____,€or€____.Ìó óÓA†XÐXdÐXdWAÓÓ  Óò òÌÓ ÓÓ  ÓCOMMENT€ÌÓ! ÓÓ  ÓÌó óÓF ÓÓ=‡·<XÐXdXÐXd=Óà  àò ò1.€The€lawyer€is€part€of€a€judicial€system€charged€with€upholding€the€law.€One€of€theÐ -¸&* Ðlawyer's€functions€is€to€advise€clients€so€that€they€avoid€any€violation€of€the€law€in€the€properÏexercise€of€their€rights.Ð ô.(, Їó óò òà  à[1]€This€Rule€governs€the€disclosure€by€a€lawyer€of€information€relating€to€theÐ d Ðrepresentation€of€a€client€both€during€and€after€the€lawyerððs€representation€of€the€client.€€See€RuleÏ1.8(b)€and€1.9(c)€with€respect€to€the€use€œof€such€information›€to€the€disadvantage€of€a€client€or€aÏformer€client.€[Also€see€œRule›€[€€]€with€respect€to€œlawyerððs€confidentiality€duty€to€prospective›Ïclients.]ó óò òÐ  ° ÐÌó óà  à[2]€The€observance€of€the€ethical€obligation€of€a€lawyer€to€hold€inviolate€confidentialÐ ì ˆ Ðinformation€of€the€client€not€only€facilitates€the€full€development€of€facts€essential€to€properÏrepresentation€of€the€client€but€also€encourages€people€to€seek€early€legal€assistance.Ìò òÌó óà  à[3]€Almost€without€exception,€clients€come€to€lawyers€in€order€to€determine€what€theirÐ œ8  Ðrights€are€and€what€is,€in€the€maze€of€laws€and€regulations,€deemed€to€be€legal€and€correct.€TheÏcommon€law€recognizes€that€the€client's€confidences€must€be€protected€from€disclosure.€BasedÏupon€experience,€lawyers€know€that€almost€all€clients€follow€the€advice€given,€and€the€law€isÏupheld.ÌÌà  à[4]€A€fundamental€principle€in€the€client-lawyer€relationship€is€that€the€lawyer€maintainÏconfidentiality€of€information€relating€to€the€representation.€ò òThis€contributes€to€the€trust€that€isÐ ¬ Ðthe€hallmark€of€the€client„lawyer€relationship.ó ó€The€client€is€thereby€encouraged€to€communicateÐ ü˜ Ðfully€and€frankly€with€the€lawyer€even€as€to€embarrassing€or€legally€damaging€subject€matterò ò.Ð è„ ÐÌó óà  à[5]€The€principle€of€lawyer„client€confidentiality€is€given€effect€by€related€bodies€of€law,Ð À\ Ðthe€attorney-client€privilege€ò ò(which€includes€the€work€product€doctrine)€in€the€law€of€evidence,ó óÐ ¬H Ðò òthe€work„product€doctrine,€ó óand€the€rule€of€confidentiality€established€in€professional€ethics.€€TheÐ ˜4 Ðattorney-client€privilege€applies€in€judicial€and€other€proceedings€in€which€a€lawyer€may€beÏcalled€as€a€witness€or€otherwise€required€to€produce€evidence€concerning€a€client.€The€rule€ofÏclient-lawyer€confidentiality€applies€in€situations€other€than€those€where€evidence€is€sought€fromÏthe€lawyer€through€compulsion€of€law.€€The€confidentiality€rule,€for€example,€applies€not€only€toÏmatters€communicated€in€confidence€by€the€client€but€also€to€all€information€relating€to€theÏrepresentation,€whatever€its€source.€A€lawyer€may€not€disclose€such€information€except€asÏauthorized€or€required€by€the€Rules€of€Professional€Conduct€or€other€law.€See€also€Scope.€€ò òÐ  "¨ ÐÌó óà  à[6]€The€requirement€of€maintaining€confidentiality€of€information€relating€toÐ ä#€  Ðrepresentation€applies€to€government€lawyers€who€may€disagree€with€the€policy€goals€that€theirÏrepresentation€is€designed€to€advance.ò òÐ ¼%X" Ðó óò òÌà  à[7]€Paragraph€(a)€prohibits€a€lawyer€from€revealing€information€relating€to€theÏrepresentation€of€a€client.€This€prohibition€also€applies€to€disclosures€by€a€lawyer€that€do€not€inÏthemselves€reveal€protected€information€but€could€reasonably€lead€to€the€discovery€of€suchÏinformation€by€a€third€person.€€A€lawyerððs€use€of€œhypotheticals›€to€discuss€issues€relating€to€theÏrepresentation€is€permissible€so€long€as€there€is€no€reasonable€likelihood€that€the€listener€will€beÏable€to€ascertain€the€identity€of€the€client€or€the€situation€involved.ÌÓ  Óó óÌAuthorized€Disclosureò òò òÐ .¤'+ ÐÓŒÓó óó óÐ ô.(, Ðà  àò ò[8]ó ó€ò ò[7]ó ó€€A€lawyer€is€impliedly€authorized€to€make€disclosures€about€a€client€whenÐ d Ðappropriate€in€carrying€out€the€representation,€except€to€the€extent€that€the€client's€instructions€orÏspecial€circumstances€limit€that€authority.€In€litigation,€for€example,€a€lawyer€may€discloseÏinformation€by€admitting€a€fact€that€cannot€properly€be€disputed,€or€in€negotiation€by€making€aÏdisclosure€that€facilitates€a€satisfactory€conclusion.Ô‡X·<XXX·<ÔÐ  ° ÐÌÔ#†X·<XXX·<Ð#Ôà  àò ò[9]ó ó€ò ò[8]ó ó€€Lawyers€in€a€firm€may,€in€the€course€of€the€firm's€practice,€disclose€to€each€otherÐ ì ˆ Ðinformation€relating€to€a€client€of€the€firm,€unless€the€client€has€instructed€that€particularÏinformation€be€confined€to€specified€lawyers.Ìò òà  àó ó¹Ó  ÓDisclosure€Adverse€to€Clientò ò€òòó óÐ œ8  ÐóóÓQ ÓÌà  àò ò[10]ó ó€ò ò[9]ó ó€ò òAlthough€the€public€interest€is€usually€best€served€by€a€strict€rule€requiringÐ x  Ðlawyers€to€preserve€the€confidentiality€of€information€relating€to€the€representation€of€theirÏclients,ó ó€the€confidentiality€rule€is€subject€to€limited€exceptions.€€ò òIn€becoming€privy€to€informationÐ Pì  Ðabout€a€client,€a€lawyer€may€foresee€that€the€client€intends€serious€harm€to€another€person.€ÏHowever,€to€the€extent€a€lawyer€is€required€or€permitted€to€disclose€a€client's€purposes,€the€clientÏwill€be€inhibited€from€revealing€facts€which€would€enable€the€lawyer€to€counsel€against€aÏwrongful€course€of€action.€The€public€is€better€protected€if€full€and€open€communication€by€theÏclient€is€encouraged€than€if€it€is€inhibited.ó ó€€ò òParagraph€(b)(1)€recognizes€the€overriding€value€ofÐ ìˆ Ðlife€and€physical€integrity€and€permits€disclosure€reasonably€necessary€to€prevent€reasonablyÏcertain€death€or€substantial€bodily€harm.€€Substantial€bodily€harm€includes€life€threatening€andÏdebilitating€illnesses€and€the€consequences€of€child€sexual€abuse.€€Such€injuries€are€reasonablyÏcertain€to€occur€if€they€will€be€suffered€imminently€or€if€there€is€a€present€and€substantial€threatÏthat€a€person€will€suffer€such€injuries€at€a€later€date€if€the€lawyer€fails€to€take€action€necessary€toÏeliminate€the€threat.€[Thus,€a€lawyer€who€knows€that€a€client€has€accidentally€discharged€toxicÏmaterials€waste€into€a€townððs€water€supply€may€reveal€this€information€to€the€authorities€if€thereÏis€a€present€and€substantial€risk€that€a€person€who€drinks€the€water€will€contract€a€life„threateningÏor€debilitating€disease€and€the€lawyerððs€disclosure€is€necessary€to€eliminate€the€threat€or€reduceÏthe€number€of€victims.]€€€€€ò òÐ $!À Ðó ó€€ó óÐ "¬ Ðà  àò ò[10]€Several€situations€must€be€distinguished.ó óÐ ü"˜ ÐÌà  àò ò[11]€€First,€the€lawyer€may€not€counsel€or€assist€a€client€in€conduct€that€is€criminal€orÐ Ô$p! Ðfraudulent.€See€Rule€1.2(d).€Similarly,€a€lawyer€has€a€duty€under€Rule€3.3(a)(4)€not€to€use€falseÏevidence.€This€duty€is€essentially€a€special€instance€of€the€duty€prescribed€in€Rule€1.2(d)€to€avoidÏassisting€a€client€in€criminal€or€fraudulent€conduct.Ìó óÌà  àò ò[12]€Second,€the€lawyer€may€have€been€innocently€involved€in€past€conduct€by€the€clientÐ p) #& Ðthat€was€criminal€or€fraudulent.€In€such€a€situation€the€lawyer€has€not€violated€Rule€1.2(d),Ïbecause€to€"counsel€or€assist"€criminal€or€fraudulent€conduct€requires€knowing€that€the€conduct€isÏof€that€character.Ìó óÌà  àò ò[13]€Third,€the€lawyer€may€learn€that€a€client€intends€prospective€conduct€that€is€criminalÐ  .¨'+ Ðand€likely€to€result€in€imminent€death€or€substantial€bodily€harm.€As€stated€in€paragraph€(b)(1),Ð ø.”(, Ðthe€lawyer€has€professional€discretion€to€reveal€information€in€order€to€prevent€suchÏconsequences.€€The€lawyer€may€make€a€disclosure€in€order€to€prevent€homicide€or€serious€bodilyÏinjury€which€the€lawyer€reasonably€believes€is€intended€by€a€client.€€It€is€very€difficult€for€aÏlawyer€to€"know"€when€such€a€heinous€purpose€will€actually€be€carried€out,€for€the€client€mayÏhave€a€change€of€mind.ó óÐ  ° ÐÔ‡X·<XXX·<ÔÌò òÔ#†X·<XXX·<š-#Ôà  àò òó ó[15]€€If€the€lawyer's€services€will€be€used€by€the€client€in€materially€furthering€a€course€ofÐ ì ˆ Ðcriminal€or€fraudulent€conduct,€the€lawyer€must€withdraw,€as€stated€in€Rule€1.16(a)(1).ó óò òÐ Ø t ÐÌà  àó óò ò[16]€After€withdrawal,€the€lawyer€is€required€to€refrain€from€making€disclosure€of€theÐ °L  Ðclient's€confidences,€except€as€otherwise€provided€in€Rule€1.6.€€Neither€this€rule,€Rule€1.9(c),€€norÏRule€1.16(d)€prevents€the€lawyer€from€giving€notice€of€the€fact€of€withdrawal,€and€the€lawyerÏmay€also€withdraw€or€disaffirm€any€opinion,€document,€affirmation,€or€the€like.Ìó óÌà  àò ò[11]€ò òó ó[17]ò òó ó€€Paragraph€(b)(2)€is€a€limited€exception€to€the€confidentiality€principle€thatÐ Lè  Ðenables€the€lawyer€to€reveal€information€relating€to€the€representation€of€a€client€to€the€extent€Ïnecessary€to€prevent€the€client€from€committing€a€crime€or€fraud€that€is€likely€to€result€inÏsubstantial€injury€to€the€financial€or€property€interests€of€another€and€in€œfurtherance›€of€which€theÏœclient€has€used€or€is€using€the€lawyerððs›€œservices.€›€Such€œserious›€abuse€of€the€client„lawyerÏrelationship€by€the€client€forfeits€the€protection€of€this€Rule€and€frees€the€lawyer€to€protect€theÏvictims€of€the€clientððs€misconduct.€€The€client€œcan,€of›€course,€prevent€such€disclosure€byÏrefraining€from€the€wrongful€conduct.ó ó€€€Where€the€client€is€an€organization,€the€lawyer€may€be€inÐ À\ Ðdoubt€whether€contemplated€conduct€will€actually€be€carried€out€by€the€organizationððsÏconstituents.€Where€necessary€to€guide€conduct€in€connection€with€this€Rule,€the€lawyer€mayÏmake€inquiry€within€the€organization€as€indicated€in€Rule€1.13(b).ò ò€Ð „  ÐÌà  à[12]€Paragraph€(b)(3)€addresses€the€situation€in€which€the€lawyer€does€not€learn€of€theÏclientððs€crime€or€fraud€until€after€it€has€been€consummated€and€the€loss€has€been€suffered€by€theÏvictim.€€Although€the€client€no€longer€has€the€option€of€preventing€disclosure€by€refraining€fromÏthe€wrongful€conduct,€there€will€be€situations€in€which€the€loss€suffered€by€the€victim€can€beÏrectified€or€mitigated.€€In€such€situations,€the€lawyer€may€reveal€such€information€as€is€necessaryÏto€secure€substantial€relief€for€the€victim.€€This€properly€enables€the€lawyer€to€help€those€whoÏhave€been€victimized€by€wrongful€conduct€in€which€the€lawyer€was€implicated€because€of€theÏclientððs€abuse€of€the€client„lawyer€relationship.€œÌ›Ìà  à[13]€A€lawyerððs€services€further€a€clientððs€commission€of€a€crime€or€fraud€if€the€lawyerÏrepresents€the€client€in€dealings€with€the€affected€persons€or€the€client€provides€the€affectedÏpersons€with€work€product€prepared€by€the€lawyer.€€A€lawyer€does€not€further€a€clientððs€crime€orÏfraud,€however,€if€the€lawyerððs€participation€in€the€matter€is€limited€to€giving€advice€to€the€clientÏabout€the€legality€of€the€clientððs€conduct.€€œ€See›€Rule€1.2(d).€€œAlso€see›€Rule€1.16€with€respect€toÏthe€lawyerððs€obligation€or€right€to€withdraw€from€the€representation€of€the€client€in€suchÏcircumstances.€ó ó€Ð 0,Ì%) Ðà  àÔ‡X·<XXX·<ÔÌÔ#†X·<XXX·